Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rukkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *Hruknéh₂-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to weed”, verb), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcáti, “to pluck”). In addition to the above theory, Kroonen suggests a derivation from an unknown verb *rehaną, *reganą, from a putative Proto-Indo-European *Hreǵʰ- (“to touch”), and compared with Lithuanian rõžyti (“to touch, hit”), though this is speculative.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruk.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*rukkōną

1. to move, move back and forth, rock

Inflection

Conjugation of *rukkōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*rukkō	*rukkǭ	—	*rukkōi	?
2nd singular	*rukkōsi	*rukkōs	*rukkō	*rukkōsai	*rukkōsau
3rd singular	*rukkōþi	*rukkō	*rukkōþau	*rukkōþai	*rukkōþau
1st dual	*rukkōs	*rukkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*rukkōþiz	*rukkōþiz	*rukkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*rukkōmaz	*rukkōm	—	*rukkōnþai	*rukkōnþau
2nd plural	*rukkōþ	*rukkōþ	*rukkōþ	*rukkōnþai	*rukkōnþau
3rd plural	*rukkōnþi	*rukkōn	*rukkōnþau	*rukkōnþai	*rukkōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*rukkōdǭ	*rukkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*rukkōdēz	*rukkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*rukkōdē	*rukkōdēdī
1st dual	*rukkōdēdū	*rukkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*rukkōdēdudiz	*rukkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*rukkōdēdum	*rukkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*rukkōdēdud	*rukkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*rukkōdēdun	*rukkōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*rukkōndz	*rukkōdaz

Related terms

• *rakkōną
• *rukkijaną

Descendants

The original paradigm of *rukk- against *rug- allowed for different leveling among dialects.

• Proto-West Germanic: *rukkōn, *rokkōn
  • Old English: roccian
    • Middle English: rokken, roggen, rucken, rocken (cf. also roggelen)
      • Scots: rok
      • English: rock, rog (obsolete, dialectal)
        • → German: rocken
  • Old Frisian: *rukkia, *rokkia
    • Saterland Frisian: rukje, rukke
    • West Frisian: rokje, rukke, rokke
  • Old Dutch: *rukkon, *rokkon
    • Middle Dutch: rucken, rocken
      • Dutch: rokken, rukken
  • → Old French: rocquer
  • Old High German: *rohhōn, *rochōn
    • Middle High German: rocken
• Old Norse: *rukka, rugga
  • Icelandic: rukka, rugga
  • Faroese: rugga
  • Swedish: rucka
  • Danish: rokke