𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇

Prakrit

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *terd-

Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd)der.

Prakrit 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei)

Back-formation from 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa, “broken”) +‎ -𑀏𑀇 (-ei), from Sanskrit *तृत्त (tṛtta, “split”), from तृद् (tṛd, “to cleave, split”) +‎ -त (-ta).^[2]^[3] Compare the participle तृण्ण (tṛṇṇa) with a different suffix.

The back-formation is by analogy with Sanskrit [Term?] verbs like बुद्ध (buddhá) ~ बोधयति (bodháyati). Sanskrit forms organised under the root त्रुट् (truṭ) are Sanskritisations not attested before the Classical period.

𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei) (Devanagari तोडेइ, Kannada ತೋಡೇಇ) (Māhārāṣṭrī) ^[4]

Central Indo-Aryan:
- Hindustani:
  - Hindi: तोड़ना (toṛnā)
  - Urdu: تورْنا (tornā)
Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Bengali: তুড়া (tuṛa)
- Bhojpuri: तूड़ल (tūṛal)
- Odia: ତୋଡ଼ିବା (toṛibā)
Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
  - Gurmukhi script: ਤੋਡ਼ਨਾ (toṛnā)
  - Shahmukhi script: تورْنا (tornā)
- Sindhi: ٽوڙَڻُ (ṭoṛaṇu)
Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Marathi: तोडणे (toḍṇe)
Western Indo-Aryan:
- Gujarati: તોડવું (toḍvũ)
→ Sanskrit: त्रोटयति (troṭayati)

^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “trōṭáyati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 346
^ Tedesco, P[aul Maximilian] (1953) “Sanskrit ā-mreḍ- 'to Repeat'”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎^[1], volume 73, number 2, American Oriental Society, pages 77–85
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956–1980) “truṭáti”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 536
^ Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928) “तोड”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].