苦菜

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	dish (type of food); vegetables
trad. (苦菜)		苦	菜
simp. #(苦菜)		苦	菜

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǔcài

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄘㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² coi³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fú-chhoi
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-chhài

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǔcài
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄘㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǔcài
    • Wade–Giles: kʻu³-tsʻai⁴
    • Yale: kǔ-tsài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuutsay
    • Palladius: куцай (kucaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fu² coi³
    • Yale: fú choi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fu² tsoi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: fu² coi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fú-chhoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˋ coi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fu³ coi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fu³¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-chhài
    • Tâi-lô: khóo-tshài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qofzhaix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khuX|khuH tshojH

Rime
Character	苦	苦	菜
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	模 (23)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	康杜切	苦故切	倉代切
Baxter	khuX	khuH	tshojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuoX/	/kʰuoH/	/t͡sʰʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuoX/	/kʰuoH/	/t͡sʰəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰoX/	/kʰoH/	/t͡sʰɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɔX/	/kʰɔH/	/t͡sʰəjH/
Li Rong	/kʰoX/	/kʰoH/	/t͡sʰᴀiH/
Wang Li	/kʰuX/	/kʰuH/	/t͡sʰɒiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuoX/	/kʰuoH/	/t͡sʰɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǔ	kù	cài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu2	fu3	coi3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ  s.r̥ˤəʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ|kʰaːs  sʰɯːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	苦	菜
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǔ	cài
Middle Chinese	‹ khuX ›	‹ tshojH ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁaʔ/	/*s.r̥ˁəʔ-s/
English	bitter	vegetables
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苦	苦	菜
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	4242	4243	1076
Phonetic component	古	古	采
Rime group	魚	魚	之
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	苦	絝	菜
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːʔ/	/*kʰaːs/	/*sʰɯːs/

Noun

苦菜

1. (literally) bitter vegetable
2. common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
3. Alternative name for 敗醬／败酱.

Synonyms

• (bitter vegetable): (literary) 苦荼 (kǔtú)

See also

• 苦苦菜

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	菜
にが Grade: 3	な Grade: 4
kun'yomi

ニガナ: Ixeridium dentatum

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɲ̟iɡa̠na̠]

Etymology 1

Noun

苦(にが)菜(な) or 苦菜(ニガナ) • (nigana) 

1. toothed ixeridium, Ixeridium dentatum

Usage notes

• As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
苦	菜
のけし
Grade: 3	Grade: 4
jukujikun

For pronunciation and definitions of 苦菜 – see the following entry.

【野芥子のげし】 [noun] sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus Alternative spellings 野罌粟, ノゲシ

(This term, 苦菜, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)