癌
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]癌 (Kangxi radical 104, 疒+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 大口口山 (KRRU), four-corner 00172, composition ⿸疒嵒)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 781, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22538
- Dae Jaweon: page 1190, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2697, character 4
- Unihan data for U+764C
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
癌 |
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Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 嵒 (OC *ŋrɯːm, *ŋjab); 嵒 / 岩 (yán) is a variant of 岩 (yán).
Etymology
[edit]From 岩 (yán, “cliff; rock, stone”), since some cancers present as lumps or outgrowths on the body.
In Mandarin, this character used to be pronounced identically as 岩 (yán). Its pronunciation was changed to ái in December 1962 to avoid the homophony between 癌 (yán, “cancer”) and 炎 (yán, “inflammation”) (compare 肺炎 (fèiyán, “pneumonia”) and 肺癌 (fèi'ái, “lung cancer”)). The new pronunciation ái stems from dialectal pronunciations of 岩 (“rock; cliff”) /ŋai/, influenced by 崖 (yá, yái, “cliff”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngai2
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ghai1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngâng
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngàng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6nge
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄞˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ái
- Wade–Giles: ai2
- Yale: ái
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: air
- Palladius: ай (aj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀaɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yán
- Wade–Giles: yen2
- Yale: yán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
- Palladius: янь (janʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ngai2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngai
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋai²¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ngaam4
- Yale: ngàahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaam4
- Guangdong Romanization: ngam4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaːm²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngam3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡam²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngàm
- Hakka Romanization System: ngamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngam2
- Sinological IPA: /ŋam¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ghai1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣai¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
Definitions
[edit]癌
Compounds
[edit]- 乳癌 (rǔ'ái)
- 乳腺癌 (rǔxiàn'ái)
- 前列腺癌 (qiánlièxiàn'ái)
- 卵巢癌 (luǎncháo'ái)
- 口腔癌 (kǒuqiāng'ái)
- 喉癌 (hóu'ái)
- 大腸癌 / 大肠癌 (dàcháng'ái)
- 子宮癌 / 子宫癌 (zǐgōng'ái)
- 子宮頸癌 / 子宫颈癌 (zǐgōngjǐng'ái)
- 宮頸癌 / 宫颈癌 (gōngjǐng'ái)
- 患癌 (huàn'ái)
- 抗癌 (kàng'ái)
- 淋巴癌 (línbā'ái)
- 癌症 (áizhèng)
- 癌瘤 (áiliú)
- 癌細胞 / 癌细胞 (áixìbāo)
- 癌腫 / 癌肿 (áizhǒng)
- 癌變 / 癌变 (áibiàn)
- 皮膚癌 / 皮肤癌 (pífū'ái)
- 直男癌 (zhínán'ái)
- 直腸癌 / 直肠癌 (zhícháng'ái)
- 肝癌 (gān'ái)
- 肺癌 (fèi'ái)
- 胃癌 (wèi'ái)
- 胰腺癌 (yíxiàn'ái)
- 腎癌 / 肾癌 (shèn'ái)
- 腎臟癌 / 肾脏癌 (shènzàng'ái)
- 腸癌 / 肠癌 (cháng'ái)
- 腺癌 (xiàn'ái)
- 腦癌 / 脑癌 (nǎo'ái)
- 膀胱癌 (pángguāng'ái)
- 致癌 (zhì'ái)
- 血癌 (xuè'ái)
- 防癌 (fáng'ái)
- 食道癌 (shídào'ái)
- 骨癌 (gǔ'ái)
- 鼻咽癌 (bíyān'ái)
References
[edit]- “癌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 普通話異讀詞審音表初稿(第三編) [Third List of Pronunciation Standards for Words with Multiple Readings in Putonghua, Draft] (in Chinese), 文字改革 [Script Reform], Issue 85, December 1962, page 1
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 胃癌 (igan): stomach cancer
- 咽頭癌 (intōgan)
- 癌遺伝子 (gan'idenshi)
- 癌ウイルス (gan'uirusu)
- 癌化 (ganka)
- 癌細胞 (gansaibō)
- 肝細胞癌 (kansaibōgan)
- 癌腫 (ganshu): carcinoma
- 肝臓癌 (kanzōgan)
- 癌抑制遺伝子 (gan'yokuseīdenshi)
- 結腸癌 (ketchōgan)
- 抗癌剤 (kōganzai)
- 口腔癌 (kōkūgan)
- 甲状腺癌 (kōjōsengan)
- 硬性癌 (kōseigan)
- 喉頭癌 (kōtōgan)
- 子宮癌 (shikyūgan)
- 子宮頸癌 (shikyūkeigan): cervical cancer
- 子宮体癌 (shikyūtaigan)
- 小児癌 (shōnigan)
- 食道癌 (shokudōgan): esophageal cancer
- 腎臓癌 (jinzōgan)
- 水癌 (suigan): noma
- 膵臓癌 (suizōgan)
- 制癌剤 (seiganzai)
- 制癌物質 (seiganbusshitsu)
- 舌癌 (zetsugan)
- 腺癌 (sengan): adenocarcinoma
- 前癌状態 (zenganjōtai)
- 前立腺癌 (zenritsusengan)
- 早期癌 (sōkigan)
- タール癌 (tārugan)
- 大腸癌 (daichōgan)
- 胆管癌 (tankangan)
- 胆囊癌 (tannōgan)
- 腸癌 (chōgan)
- 直腸癌 (chokuchōgan)
- 乳癌 (nyūgan): breast cancer
- 粘膜内癌 (nenmakunaigan)
- 肺癌 (haigan): lung cancer
- 発癌 (hatsugan): carcinogenesis
- 皮膚癌 (hifugan): skin cancer
- 扁平上皮癌 (henpeijōhigan)
- 膀胱癌 (bōkōgan): bladder cancer
- 未分化癌 (mibunkagan)
- 卵巣癌 (ransōgan)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
癌 |
がん Hyōgai |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 癌.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (medicine, oncology, pathology) cancer
- 1997 September 1 [1996 October 10], Fujiko F. Fujio, “くたばれ評論家 の巻 [The Drop-Dead Critic]”, in エスパー魔美 [Esper Mami], 4th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 151:
- え?剣鋭介がガン⁉
- E? Tsurugi Eisuke ga gan⁉
- What? Eisuke Tsurugi has cancer!?
- Bunkabu no Tachihara-san ni kiita no, saihatsu desu tte. Gan saibō ga achi kochi ten'i shite te, kondo wa dame darō to………
- I heard that from Mr. Tachihara of the Department of Culture, sounds like it’s a recurrence. The cancer cells have been spreading, seems like there’s not much hope this time around...
- え?剣鋭介がガン⁉
- (figurative) cancer
Usage notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 癌.
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 뇌암 (腦癌, noeam)
- 설암 (舌癌, seoram)
- 수암 (水癌, suam)
- 암유 (癌乳, amyu)
- 암종 (癌腫, amjong)
- 간암 (肝癌, ganam)
- 위암 (胃癌, wiam)
- 폐암 (肺癌, pyeam)
- 발암 (發癌, baram)
- 항암 (抗癌, hang'am)
- 암적 (癌的, amjeok)
- 췌암 (膵癌, chweam)
- 유방암 (乳房癌, yubang'am)
- 대장암 (大腸癌, daejang'am)
- 피부암 (皮膚癌, pibuam)
- 암세포 (癌細胞, amsepo)
- 자궁암 (子宮癌, jagung'am)
- 후두암 (喉頭癌, huduam)
- 항암제 (抗癌劑, hang'amje)
- 방광암 (膀胱癌, banggwang'am)
- 직장암 (直腸癌, jikjang'am)
- 폐장암 (肺臟癌, pyejang'am)
- 궤양암 (潰瘍癌, gweyang'am)
- 발암물질 (發癌物質, barammuljil)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]癌: Hán Việt readings: nham[1][2][3]
癌: Nôm readings: nham[1]
References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- zh:Medicine
- zh:Oncology
- zh:Diseases
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