末流

Chinese

		end; final stage; latter part	to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move
trad. (末流)		末	流
simp. #(末流)		末	流

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mòliú

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mut⁶ lau⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): boa̍t-liû

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mòliú
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mòlióu
    • Wade–Giles: mo⁴-liu²
    • Yale: mwò-lyóu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mohliou
    • Palladius: молю (molju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mòliúr
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mòlióur
    • Wade–Giles: mo⁴-liu²-ʼrh
    • Yale: mwò-lyóur
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mohlioul
    • Palladius: молюр (moljur)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: mut⁶ lau⁴
    • Yale: muht làuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mut⁹ lau⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mud⁶ leo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /muːt̚² lɐu̯²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: boa̍t-liû
    • Tâi-lô: bua̍t-liû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boadliuu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /buat̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /buat̚²⁴⁻² liu²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /buat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liu¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: mat ljuw

Rime
Character	末	流
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	末 (64)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	莫撥切	力求切
Baxter	mat	ljuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑt̚/	/lɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷɑt̚/	/liu/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑt̚/	/liəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwat̚/	/luw/
Li Rong	/muɑt̚/	/liu/
Wang Li	/muɑt̚/	/lĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/muɑt̚/	/li̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò	liú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mut6	lau4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤat  ru/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maːd  ru/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	末	流
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò	liú
Middle Chinese	‹ mat ›	‹ ljuw ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁat/	/*ru/
English	end of a branch	flow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	末	流
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9223	8335
Phonetic component	末	流
Rime group	月	幽
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	末	劉
Old Chinese	/*maːd/	/*ru/
Notes		或爲毓省聲

Noun

末流

1. downstream regions of a river
2. (figurative) later stages of a school of thought, literature, etc.
3. (literary, figurative) legacy; heritage

   • 維我漢繼五帝末流，接三代統業。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     维我汉继五帝末流，接三代统业。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Wéi wǒ Hàn jì Wǔdì mòliú, jiē Sāndài tǒngyè. [Pinyin]

     This era of ours, the Han, inherits the lasting influences of the Five Sovereigns and continues the unifying exploits of the Three Dynasties.

Adjective

末流

1. inferior; low-class