敦煌

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (敦煌)		敦	煌
simp. #(敦煌)		敦	煌
alternative forms		燉煌

Etymology

Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /⁠*θurwān, θruwān⁠/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the "Sogdian Ancient Letters" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Dūnhuáng

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deon¹ wong⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Tun-hông

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dung¹ huang⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ten-uaon

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Dūnhuáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Dunhuáng
    • Wade–Giles: Tun¹-huang²
    • Yale: Dwūn-hwáng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Duenhwang
    • Palladius: Дуньхуан (Dunʹxuan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: deon¹ wong⁴
    • Yale: dēun wòhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doen¹ wong⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: dên¹ wong⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tun-hông
    • Tâi-lô: Tun-hông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dunhoong
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dung¹ huang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tung huâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹ten-uaon
    • MiniDict: ten^平 uaon
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ten-uaan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: twon hwang

Rime
Character	敦	煌
Reading #	2/4	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	都昆切	胡光切
Baxter	twon	hwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuən/	/ɦwɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/tuon/	/ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/tuən/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twən/	/ɦwaŋ/
Li Rong	/tuən/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Wang Li	/tuən/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuən/	/ɣwɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dūn	huáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deon1	wong4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur  [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*doːn  ɡʷaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	敦	煌
Reading #	3/3	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dūn	huáng
Middle Chinese	‹ twon ›	‹ hwang ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁur/	/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/
English	敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng	敦煌 Dūnhuáng
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	敦	煌
Reading #	2/4	1/1
No.	2594	12700
Phonetic component	敦	王
Rime group	元	陽
Rime subdivision	3	0
Corresponding MC rime	團	黃
Old Chinese	/*doːn/	/*ɡʷaːŋ/

Proper noun

敦煌

1. (～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)
2. (historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)
3. (～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)

Synonyms

• 沙州 (Shāzhōu)

Derived terms

• 敦煌學／敦煌学 (Dūnhuángxué)

 

Descendants

• → English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang