掛ける

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
掛
か Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かける [kàkéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ke̞ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「掛ける」

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	掛ける	かける	`[kàkéꜜrù]`
Imperative (命令形)	掛けろ	かけろ	`[kàkéꜜrò]`
Key constructions
Passive	掛けられる	かけられる	`[kàkéráréꜜrù]`
Causative	掛けさせる	かけさせる	`[kàkésáséꜜrù]`
Potential	掛けられる	かけられる	`[kàkéráréꜜrù]`
Volitional	掛けよう	かけよー	`[kàkéyóꜜò]`
Negative	掛けない	かけない	`[kàkéꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	掛けなかった	かけなかった	`[kàkéꜜnàkàttà]`
Formal	掛けます	かけます	`[kàkémáꜜsù]`
Perfective	掛けた	かけた	`[káꜜkètà]`
Conjunctive	掛けて	かけて	`[káꜜkètè]`
Hypothetical conditional	掛ければ	かければ	`[kàkéꜜrèbà]`

Verb

掛(か)ける • (kakeru) ichidan (stem 掛(か)け (kake), past 掛(か)けた (kaketa))

Japanese verb pair
active	掛ける
mediopassive	掛かる

(transitive) hang (a picture, etc.); hoist; raise (a flag); fly (a kite)
- 1907, 夏目漱石, 野分:
  先生(せんせい)はただ気品(きひん)のない画(が)を掛(か)けたものだと思(おも)ったばかりである。
  Sensei wa tada kihin no nai ga o kaketa mono da to omotta bakari de aru.
  I always thought it was just some tasteless picture that the teacher had hung up.
(transitive) multiply
２(に)に３(さん)を掛(か)けると６(ろく)になる。
Ni ni san o kakeru to roku ni naru.
Multiply 2 by 3 and you get 6.
to sit (on a chair or bench, but not on the floor)
おかけください
o-kake kudasai
please have a seat
- 1937, 久生十蘭, 魔都:
  真名古(まなこ)は静(しず)かに椅子(いす)に掛(か)けて林(はやし)の顔(かお)を注視(ちゅうし)する。
  Manako wa shizuka ni isu ni kakete Hayashi no kao o chūshi suru.
  Manako sits in the chair quietly and examines Hayashi's face.
to speak, to give an order etc., to call out, to call on the telephone
- 1925, 国枝史郎, 郷介法師:
  その法師(ほうし)は声(こえ)を掛(か)けた。
  Sono hōshi wa koe o kaketa.
  The priest called out.
- 1931, 永井荷風, つゆのあとさき:
  ちょっと電話(でんわ)を掛(か)けてくれ。
  Chotto denwa o kakete kure.
  Give me a call.
to pour onto, to shake onto, to splash, to drip
- 1946, 織田作之助, 土曜夫人:
  ペッペッと、右(みぎ)の手(て)に唾(つば)を掛(か)けて、げっぷをしていた。
  Peppetto, migi no te ni tsuba o kakete, geppu o shite ita.
  There he was, burping, with drool dripping onto his right hand.
to wear a piece of clothing
- 1908, 伊藤左千夫, 隣の嫁:
  省作(しょうさく)はそれにはかまわず、湯(ゆ)を出(で)て着物(きもの)を着(き)掛(か)けている。
  Shōsaku wa sore ni wa kamawazu, yu o dete kimono o kikakete iru.
  Shōsaku came out of the bath and wore his kimono without worrying about that.
to pun (謎掛け)
○○とかけて××と解(と)く。
○○ To kakete ×× to toku.
(please add an English translation of this example)

Suffix

掛(か)ける • (-kakeru)

to address someone, to direct, to do (something to someone)
老人(ろうじん)が私(わたし)に突然話(とつぜんはな)しかけた。
Rōjin ga watashi ni totsuzen hanashikaketa.
An old man spoke to me suddenly.
to be about to, to begin
言(い)いかけてやめる
iikakete yameru
about to speak something but didn't
in the middle of, to begin (not complete)
長編(ちょうへん)を読(よ)みかける
chōhen o yomikakeru
in the middle of reading a long novel

Usage notes

This term is often spelled in hiragana. As a suffix, attach after the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei) or the -masu form of the verb.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "掛ける" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	掛け	かけ	kake
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	掛け	かけ	kake
Shūshikei ("terminal")	掛ける	かける	kakeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	掛ける	かける	kakeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	掛けれ	かけれ	kakere
Meireikei ("imperative")	掛けよ¹ 掛けろ²	かけよ¹ かけろ²	kakeyo¹ kakero²
Key constructions
Passive	掛けられる	かけられる	kakerareru
Causative	掛けさせる掛けさす	かけさせるかけさす	kakesaseru kakesasu
Potential	掛けられる掛けれる³	かけられるかけれる³	kakerareru kakereru³
Volitional	掛けよう	かけよう	kakeyō
Negative	掛けない掛けぬ掛けん	かけないかけぬかけん	kakenai kakenu kaken
Negative continuative	掛けず	かけず	kakezu
Formal	掛けます	かけます	kakemasu
Perfective	掛けた	かけた	kaketa
Conjunctive	掛けて	かけて	kakete
Hypothetical conditional	掛ければ	かければ	kakereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

(sit): 座(すわ)る (suwaru) (to sit in general, including on the floor)

Related terms

掛(か)かる (kakaru)

Conjunction

掛(か)ける • (kakeru)

(mathematics) times (multiplication)
２(に)掛(か)ける３(さん)は６(ろく)。
Ni kakeru san wa roku.
2 times 3 is 6.

Coordinate terms

足(た)す (tasu)
引(ひ)く (hiku)
割(わ)る (waru)

References

^ “掛・懸・賭・架”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[1] “掛・懸・賭・架”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[SMK2-2] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō

[ZAJ-3] Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

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