慚

See also: 惭

慚 U+615A, 慚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-615A ← 慙 [U+6159] CJK Unified Ideographs 慛 → [U+615B]

Translingual

Han character

慚 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 心十十中 (PJJL), four-corner 9202₁, composition ⿰忄斬)

Derived characters

• 𢣥

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 398, character 40
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11096
• Dae Jaweon: page 738, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2344, character 20
• Unihan data for U+615A

Chinese

trad.		慚
simp.		惭
alternative forms		慙／惭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (斬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
慚	*zaːm
慙	*zaːm
鏨	*zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ
槧	*zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ
暫	*zaːms
蹔	*zaːms
斬	*ʔsreːmʔ
獑	*zeːm, *zaːm
嶃	*zreːmʔ, *zaːm
覱	*ʔsraːms
摲	*sʰraːms
漸	*ʔsam, *zamʔ
塹	*sʰams
壍	*sʰams
嬱	*sʰams
螹	*zam, *zamʔ
蔪	*zamʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zaːm) : phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): cán (can²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): caam⁴
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zang²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhâm / chhân

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: cán
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cán
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻan²
    • Yale: tsán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsarn
    • Palladius: цань (canʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰän³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: caam⁴
    • Yale: chàahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: cam⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaːm²¹/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zang²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saŋ¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhâm
    • Tâi-lô: tshâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhaam
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰam²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhân
    • Tâi-lô: tshân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhaan
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰan²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰan²⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzam

Rime
Character	慚
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	昨甘切
Baxter	dzam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zɑm/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zɑm/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zɑm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zam/
Li Rong	/d͡zɑm/
Wang Li	/d͡zɑm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱɑm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤam/

  (Zhengzhang): /*zaːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	慚
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cán
Middle Chinese	‹ dzam ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ˁam/
English	ashamed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	慚
Reading #	1/1
No.	16788
Phonetic component	斬
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	慙
Old Chinese	/*zaːm/
Notes	同慙

Definitions

慚

1. ashamed; embarrassed

Usage notes

• Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation cǎn for this character.

Compounds

• 大言不慚 / 大言不惭 (dàyánbùcán)
• 慚德 / 惭德
• 慚怍 / 惭怍 (cánzuò)
• 慚恧 / 惭恧
• 慚恨 / 惭恨
• 慚恩 / 惭恩
• 慚悚 / 惭悚
• 慚惶 / 惭惶
• 慚感 / 惭感
• 慚愧 / 惭愧 (cánkuì)
• 慚愧無地 / 惭愧无地
• 慚沮 / 惭沮
• 慚皺 / 惭皱
• 慚色 / 惭色 (cánsè)
• 慚赧 / 惭赧
• 慚鳧企鶴 / 惭凫企鹤
• 林慚澗愧 / 林惭涧愧
• 滿面羞慚 / 满面羞惭
• 燕妒鶯慚 / 燕妒莺惭
• 羞慚 / 羞惭 (xiūcán)
• 自慚形穢 / 自惭形秽 (zìcánxínghuì)
• 衾影無慚 / 衾影无惭

 

References

• “慚”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “惭”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 22.

Japanese

Kanji

慚

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

• Go-on: ざん (zan)^{←ざん (zan, historical)←ざむ (zamu, ancient)}
• Kan-on: さん (san)^{←さん (san, historical)←さむ (samu, ancient)}
• Kun: はじ (haji, 慚)^{←はぢ (fadi, 慚, historical)}、はじる (hajiru, 慚じる)^{←はぢる (fadiru, 慚ぢる, historical)}

Korean

Hanja

慚 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, Yale cham)

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Vietnamese

Han character

慚: Hán Nôm readings: tàm, tuồm, tam, tom, tùm

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