愷

See also: 恺

愷 U+6137, 愷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6137 ← 愶 [U+6136] CJK Unified Ideographs 愸 → [U+6138]

Translingual

Han character

愷 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心山一廿 (PUMT), four-corner 9201₈, composition ⿰忄豈)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 38
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11015
• Dae Jaweon: page 735, character 28
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2337, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6137

Chinese

trad.		愷
simp.		恺
alternative forms		豈／岂 凱／凯

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
獃	*tŋɯː, *ŋɯː
剴	*kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	*ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	*ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	*ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “drum”). Likely related to 凱 / 豈 (“music of triumph”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǎi (kai³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai³
    • Yale: kǎi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
    • Palladius: кай (kaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hoi²
    • Yale: hói
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: khojX

Rime
Character	愷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦亥切
Baxter	khojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌiX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəiX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəjX/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀiX/
Wang Li	/kʰɒiX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ khojX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰˁəjʔ/
English	triumphal music; happy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愷
Reading #	1/1
No.	10103
Phonetic component	豈
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	愷
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/

Definitions

愷

1. (literary) peaceful; harmonious; joyful
2. (literary) Alternative form of 凱 / 凯 (kǎi, “triumphant music”)

Compounds

• 八愷 / 八恺
• 愷悌 / 恺悌 (kǎitì)
• 愷悌君子 / 恺悌君子
• 愷樂 / 恺乐
• 愷歌 / 恺歌 (kǎigē)
• 敏練慈愷 / 敏练慈恺
• 爽愷 / 爽恺

Japanese

Kanji

愷

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. enjoy
2. be contented
3. joyful

Readings

• On (unclassified): がい (gai)、かい (kai)
• Kun: たのしむ (tanoshimu, 愷しむ)、やわらぐ (yawaragu, 愷らぐ)
• Nanori: やす (yasu)

Korean

Hanja

愷 (eum 개 (gae))

1. peaceful
2. enjoy
3. ease up

Vietnamese

Han character

愷: Hán Nôm readings: khải

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation