廓然

Chinese

		big; empty; open	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (廓然)		廓	然
simp. #(廓然)		廓	然

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kuòrán

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄛˋ ㄖㄢˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kuòrán
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄛˋ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kuòrán
    • Wade–Giles: kʻuo⁴-jan²
    • Yale: kwò-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuohran
    • Palladius: кожань (kožanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: khwak nyen

Rime
Character	廓	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	鐸 (104)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	苦郭切	如延切
Baxter	khwak	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰwɑk̚/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰʷɑk̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuɑk̚/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwak̚/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/kʰuɑk̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/kʰuɑk̚/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰwɑk̚/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kuo	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fok3	jin4

Adverb

廓然

1. widely

   • 人君之道清淨無為，務在博愛，趨在任賢；廣開耳目，以察萬方；不固溺於流俗，不拘繫於左右；廓然遠見，踔然獨立；屢省考績，以臨臣下。 [MSC, trad.]
     人君之道清净无为，务在博爱，趋在任贤；广开耳目，以察万方；不固溺于流俗，不拘系于左右；廓然远见，踔然独立；屡省考绩，以临臣下。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: c. 77 B.C.E., 劉向 (Liu Xiang), 《說苑》 (Garden of Stories), chapter 1

     Rénjūn zhī dào qīngjìngwúwèi, wù zài bó'ài, qū zài rèn xián; guǎng kāi ěrmù, yǐ chá wànfāng; bù gùnì yú liúsú, bù jūjì yú zuǒyòu; kuòrán yuǎnjiàn, chuōrán dúlì; lǚxǐng kǎojì, yǐ lín chénxià. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. alone

   • 今世之處士，魁然無徒，廓然獨居。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     今世之处士，魁然无徒，廓然独居。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE

     Jīnshì zhī chùshì, kuài rán wú tú, kuòrán dújū. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)