國難

Chinese

		country; state; nation	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (國難)		國	難
simp. (国难)		国	难

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): guónàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄋㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwok³ naan⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): koet-nan
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kok-lān

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: guónàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄋㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: guónàn
    • Wade–Giles: kuo²-nan⁴
    • Yale: gwó-nàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwonann
    • Palladius: гонань (gonanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ɔ³⁵ nän⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gwok³ naan⁶
    • Yale: gwok naahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwok⁸ naan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: guog³ nan⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɔːk̚³ naːn²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: koet-nan
    • Hakka Romanization System: gued^ˋ nan
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gued⁵ nan⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ku̯et̚² nan⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-lān
    • Tâi-lô: kok-lān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koklan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ lan²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lan³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lan³³/

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• Middle Chinese: kwok nanH

Rime
Character	國	難
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	德 (132)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古或切	奴案切
Baxter	kwok	nanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kwək̚/	/nɑnH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷək̚/	/nɑnH/
Shao Rongfen	/kuək̚/	/nɑnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwək̚/	/nanH/
Li Rong	/kuək̚/	/nɑnH/
Wang Li	/kuək̚/	/nɑnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kwək̚/	/nɑnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guo	nàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwak1	naan6

Noun

國難

1. a national calamity; a national disaster (especially as brought on by foreign aggression)

Derived terms

• 發國難財／发国难财 (fā guónàn cái)