后土

Chinese

		empress; queen; surname	earth; dust; rural earth; dust; rural; uncouth; uncultured; plebeian
simp. and trad. (后土)		后	土

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hòutǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hau⁶ tou²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): heu-thú
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hō͘-thó͘ / hiō-thó͘

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hòutǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hòutǔ
    • Wade–Giles: hou⁴-tʻu³
    • Yale: hòu-tǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: howtuu
    • Palladius: хоуту (xoutu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hau⁶ tou²
    • Yale: hauh tóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hau⁶ tou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: heo⁶ tou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐu̯²² tʰou̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu-thú
    • Hakka Romanization System: heu tu^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: heu⁴ tu³
    • Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵ tʰu³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘-thó͘
    • Tâi-lô: hōo-thóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoxtor
    • IPA (Taipei): /hɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰɔ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiō-thó͘
    • Tâi-lô: hiō-thóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hioixtor
    • IPA (Taipei): /hio³³⁻¹¹ tʰɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɤ³³⁻²¹ tʰɔ⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: huwX|huwH thuX

Rime
Character	后	后	土
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)	侯 (137)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	胡口切	胡遘切	他魯切
Baxter	huwX	huwH	thuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəuX/	/ɦəuH/	/tʰuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəuX/	/ɦəuH/	/tʰuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəuX/	/ɣəuH/	/tʰoX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəwX/	/ɦəwH/	/tʰɔX/
Li Rong	/ɣuX/	/ɣuH/	/tʰoX/
Wang Li	/ɣəuX/	/ɣəuH/	/tʰuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣə̯uX/	/ɣə̯uH/	/tʰuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hòu	hòu	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hau6	hau6	tou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢˤ(r)oʔ  tʰˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːʔ|ɡoːs  l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	后	土
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hòu	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ huwX ›	‹ thuX ›
Old Chinese	/*ɢˁ(r)oʔ/	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	sovereign; queen	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	后	后	土
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
No.	5168	5172	12499
Phonetic component	后	后	土
Rime group	侯	侯	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	厚	𠋫	土
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːʔ/	/*ɡoːs/	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Noun

后土

1. (literary) earth god; Houtu
2. (literary) the vast earth
3. (literary, of ancient China) official charged with managing land

Synonyms

• (earth god): 地母
• (the vast earth): 大地 (dàdì)

Derived terms

• 皇天后土 (huángtiānhòutǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (后土):

• → Japanese: 后(こう)土(ど) (kōdo)
• → Korean: 후토(后土) (huto)
• → Vietnamese: Hậu Thổ (后土)