剛強

See also: 刚强

Chinese

		hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly	strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better
trad. (剛強)		剛	強
simp. (刚强)		刚	强

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāngqiáng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄤㄑㄧㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹ koeng⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kông-khiòng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-kiông / kong-kiâng / kang-kiông

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāngqiáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄤㄑㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gangciáng
  - Wade–Giles: kang¹-chʻiang²
  - Yale: gāng-chyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangchyang
  - Palladius: ганцян (gancjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gong¹ koeng⁴
  - Yale: gōng kèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹ koeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gong¹ kêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰœːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kông-khiòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: gong^ˊ kiong^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gong¹ kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /koŋ²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kong-kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongkioong
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiâng
  - Tâi-lô: kong-kiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongkiaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kang-kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kangkioong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/

Middle Chinese: kang gjang

Rime
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古郎切	巨良切
Baxter	kang	gjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong¹	koeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaŋ N-kaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ ɡaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng	qiáng
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›	‹ gjang ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaŋ/	/*N-kaŋ/
English	strong; hard	strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	3713	10318
Phonetic component	岡	强
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	岡	強
Old Chinese	/*klaːŋ/	/*ɡaŋ/
Notes		彊省聲而非弘聲，通借爲彊

Adjective

剛強

firm; staunch; unyielding

Synonyms

edit

倔強 / 倔强
儼硬 / 俨硬 (Hokkien)
剛愎 / 刚愎 (gāngbì) (literary)
剛毅 / 刚毅 (gāngyì)
剛烈 / 刚烈 (gāngliè)
堅強 / 坚强 (jiānqiáng)
堅毅 / 坚毅 (jiānyì)
婞直 (xìngzhí)
悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
擰 / 拧 (nìng)
頑強 / 顽强 (wánqiáng)