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のむ

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Alternative spellings
飲む
呑む
喫む (uncommon)

Etymology

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From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *nəmu.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「飲む
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
飲む [nóꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 飲め [nóꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 飲まれる まれ [nòmáréꜜrù]
Causative 飲ませる ませ [nòmáséꜜrù]
Potential 飲める [nòméꜜrù]
Volitional 飲もう [nòmóꜜò]
Negative 飲まない ない [nòmáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 飲まなかった なかった [nòmáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 飲みます みま [nòmímáꜜsù]
Perfective 飲んだ んだ [nóꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 飲んで んで [nóꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 飲めば めば [nóꜜmèbà]

Verb

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のむ (nomutransitive godan (stem のみ (nomi), past のんだ (nonda))

  1. 飲む, 呑む:[note 1] to drink, to gulp, to swallow; to eat (soup)
    (わたし)たちさじスープ()
    Watashitachi wa saji de sūpu o nomu.
    We eat soup with a spoon.
    (わたし)ミルク()いた
    Watashi wa miruku o nondeita.
    I was drinking milk.
  2. 飲む, 喫む:[note 1] (smoking) to smoke tobacco
    Synonym: すう (suu, literally to suck)
  3. 飲む: to overwhelm, to engulf
  4. 飲む: to suppress, to keep down
  5. 飲む, 呑む: to take (medicine)
    (くすり)()
    kusuri o nomu
    to take medicine
  6. 飲む, 呑む: to accept something like a demand or a condition

Usage notes

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  1. 1.0 1.1 narrowly refers to drinking, while narrowly refers to swallowing. is usually restricted to smoking.

Conjugation

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Extended conjugation of nomu "飲む" (Class: godan "pentagrade")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") 飲み [nomi]
Rentaikei ("attributive form") 飲む [nomu]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) 飲んで [nonde] 飲まない [nomanai de]
飲まなくて [nomanakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain 飲む [nomu] 飲まない [nomanai]
Polite 飲みます [nomimasu] 飲みません [nomimasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain 飲んだ [nonda] 飲まなかった [nomanakatta]
Polite 飲みました [nomimashita] 飲みませんでした [nomimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem 飲ま [nomare]
Positive Negative
Plain 飲まれる [nomareru] 飲まれない [nomarenai]
Polite 飲まれます [nomaremasu] 飲まれません [nomaremasen]
Past 飲まれ [nomareta] 飲まれなかった [nomarenakatta]
Polite past 飲まれました [nomaremashita] 飲まれませんでした [nomaremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem 飲ま [nomase]
Positive Negative
Plain 飲ませる [nomaseru]
short form: 飲ます [nomasu]
飲ませない [nomasenai]
Polite 飲ませます [nomasemasu] 飲ませません [nomasemasen]
Past 飲ませ [nomaseta] 飲ませなかった [nomasenakatta]
Polite past 飲ませました [nomasemashita] 飲ませませんでした [nomasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem 飲め [nome]
Positive Negative
Plain 飲める [nomeru] 飲めない [nomenai]
Polite 飲めます [nomemasu] 飲めません [nomemasen]
Past 飲め [nometa] 飲めなかった [nomenakatta]
Polite past 飲めました [nomemashita] 飲めませんでした [nomemasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction 飲め [nome]
Other imperative constructions
Positive Negative
Polite request 飲んでください [nonde kudasai] 飲まないください [nomanai de kudasai]
-nasai form 飲みなさい [nominasai]
Prohibitive / Do not 〜 飲む [nomu na]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain 飲もう [nomō]
Polite 飲みましょう [nomimashō]
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional 飲めば [nomeba] 飲まなければ [nomanakereba]
colloquial: 飲まなきゃ [nomanakya]
-tara form 飲んだ [nondara] 飲まなかったら [nomanakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem standard: 飲まられ [nomaserare]
colloquial: 飲まされ [nomasare] ¹
Positive Negative
Plain 飲ませられる [nomaserareru]
飲まされる [nomasareru]
飲ませられない [nomaserarenai]
飲まされない [nomasarenai]
Polite 飲ませられます [nomaseraremasu]
飲まされます [nomasaremasu]
飲ませられません [nomaseraremasen]
飲まされません [nomasaremasen]
Past 飲ませられ [nomaserareta]
飲まされ [nomasareta]
飲ませられなかった [nomaserarenakatta]
飲まされなかった [nomasarenakatta]
Polite past 飲ませられました [nomaseraremashita]
飲まされました [nomasaremashita]
飲ませられませんでした [nomaseraremasen deshita]
飲まされませんでした [nomasaremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain 飲みたい [nomitai] 飲みたくない [nomitaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain 飲んでいる [nonde iru]
contraction: 飲んで [nonderu]
飲んでいない [nonde inai]
contraction: 飲んでない [nondenai]
Polite 飲んでいます [nonde imasu] 飲んでいません [nonde imasen]
Past 飲んでいた [nonde ita] 飲んでいなかった [nonde inakatta]
Polite past 飲んでいました [nonde imashita] 飲んでいませんでした [nonde imasen deshita]
Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative 飲ま [nomanu] ²
Archaic attributive negative
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative 飲ま [noman]
Negative continuative 飲ま [nomazu] ²
(〜): without 〜ing
Representative / Listing examples 飲んだ [nondari]
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 飲ませられる飲まれる.
² Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ 飲・呑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, Nationwide Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN