ἔαρ

See also: έαρ

Ancient Greek

FWOTD – 2 May 2013

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /é.ar/ → /ˈe.ar/ → /ˈe.ar/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /é.ar/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈe.ar/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈe.ar/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈe.ar/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈe.ar/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hellenic *éhər, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥. Cognates include Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Sanskrit असृज् (asṛj), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn), Latin sanguis and Old Latin assyr.

Alternative forms

• εἶᾰρ (eîăr)
• ἦᾰρ (êăr), ῐ̓́ᾰρᾰ (ĭ́ără) — Homeric

Noun

ἔᾰρ • (éăr) n (genitive ἔᾰρος); third declension

2. blood, gore
   • Oppian of Corycus, Halieutica 2.616–18:

          οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐπαΐγδην γενύεσσι
     σάρκας ἀφαρπάζουσι καὶ ἀρτιχύτοιο φόνοιο
     θερμὸν ἔαρ λάπτουσιν·

          hoi mèn gàr epaḯgdēn genúessi
     sárkas apharpázousi kaì artikhútoio phónoio
     thermòn éar láptousin;

     They rush upon him and rend his flesh with their jaws and lap the warm gore of new-shed blood.

3. juice

Declension

Third declension of τὸ ἔᾰρ; τοῦ ἔᾰρος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ἔᾰρ tò éăr	τὼ ἔᾰρε tṑ éăre	τᾰ̀ ἔᾰρᾰ tằ éără
Genitive	τοῦ ἔᾰρος toû éăros	τοῖν ἐᾰ́ροιν toîn eắroin	τῶν ἐᾰ́ρων tôn eắrōn
Dative	τῷ ἔᾰρῐ tôi éărĭ	τοῖν ἐᾰ́ροιν toîn eắroin	τοῖς ἔᾰρσῐ / ἔᾰρσῐν toîs éărsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ ἔᾰρ tò éăr	τὼ ἔᾰρε tṑ éăre	τᾰ̀ ἔᾰρᾰ tằ éără
Vocative	ἔᾰρ éăr	ἔᾰρε éăre	ἔᾰρᾰ éără
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hellenic *wéhər, from Proto-Indo-European *wésr̥. Cognates include Latin ver, Persian بهار (bahâr), Sanskrit वसन्त (vasantá) and वसर् (vasar, “morning”), Old Norse vár, Old Armenian գարուն (garun), Old Church Slavonic весна (vesna).

Alternative forms

• εἶᾰρ (eîăr) — Poetic
• ἦρ (êr) — Attic, Ionic

Noun

ἔᾰρ • (éăr) n (genitive ἔᾰρος); third declension

2. spring (season)

   Coordinate terms: θέρος (théros), ὀπώρα (opṓra), χειμών (kheimṓn)

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.147:

     φύλλα τὰ μέν τ’ ἄνεμος χαμάδις χέει, ἄλλα δέ θ’ ὕλη
     τηλεθόωσα φύει, ἔαρος δ’ ἐπιγίγνεται ὥρη·

     phúlla tà mén t’ ánemos khamádis khéei, álla dé th’ húlē
     tēlethóōsa phúei, éaros d’ epigígnetai hṓrē;

     The wind sheds the leaves upon the ground, but the flourishing forest brings them forth, and they follow the season of spring.

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.518:

     ὡς δ’ ὅτε Πανδαρέου κούρη, χλωρηῒς ἀηδών,
     καλὸν ἀείδῃσιν ἔαρος νέον ἱσταμένοιο, ...

     hōs d’ hóte Pandaréou koúrē, khlōrēï̀s aēdṓn,
     kalòn aeídēisin éaros néon histaménoio, ...

     As the daughter of Pandareus, the nightingale of the greenwood, beautifully sings when spring is not long begun, ...

   • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 460
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.31, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.117, 6.8)
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.56:

     πρὸς ἔαρ

     pròs éar

   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.17:

     πρὸς τὸ ἔαρ

     pròs tò éar

   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.116:

     περὶ τὸ ἔαρ

     perì tò éar

   • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1137:

     ἐξ ἦρος εἰς Ἀρκτοῦρον

     ex êros eis Arktoûron

3. prime, freshness, flower
   • 250 CE – 350 CE, Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 99D, (compare Herodotus, Histories 7.162, Aristotle, Rhetoric 1.7.34)
   • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 13.45:

     ἔαρ ὁρᾶν

     éar horân

   • Palatine Anthology 6.242:

     γενύων ἔαρ

     genúōn éar

   • Palatine Anthology 7.12:

     ὕπνων ἔαρ

     húpnōn éar

   • Inscriptiones Graecae 511:

     Χαρίτων ἔαρ

     Kharítōn éar

Declension

Third declension of τὸ ἔᾰρ; τοῦ ἔᾰρος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ἔᾰρ tò éăr	τὼ ἔᾰρε tṑ éăre	τᾰ̀ ἔᾰρᾰ tằ éără
Genitive	τοῦ ἔᾰρος toû éăros	τοῖν ἐᾰ́ροιν toîn eắroin	τῶν ἐᾰ́ρων tôn eắrōn
Dative	τῷ ἔᾰρῐ tôi éărĭ	τοῖν ἐᾰ́ροιν toîn eắroin	τοῖς ἔᾰρσῐ / ἔᾰρσῐν toîs éărsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ ἔᾰρ tò éăr	τὼ ἔᾰρε tṑ éăre	τᾰ̀ ἔᾰρᾰ tằ éără
Vocative	ἔᾰρ éăr	ἔᾰρε éăre	ἔᾰρᾰ éără
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• μία χελιδὼν ἔαρ οὐ ποιεῖ (mía khelidṑn éar ou poieî)

Descendants

• Greek: έαρ (éar)

References

• “ἔαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἔαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἔαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἔαρ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἔαρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ἔαρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• ἔαρ in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
• “ἔαρ”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • spring idem, page 805.