शिव

See also: श्वा and शव

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिव (śiva).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃɪʋ/
• (mimicking Sanskrit) (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃɪ.ʋɑː/, [ʃɪ.ʋäː]

Proper noun

शिव • (śiv) m

1. (Hinduism) Shiva (the destroying and reproducing deity, third god of the Hindu trinity)

Declension

Declension of शिव (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	शिव śiv
oblique	शिव śiv
vocative	शिव śiv

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• শিৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬰᬶᬯ (Balinese script)
• শিব (Bengali script)
• 𑰫𑰰𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀰𑀺𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ၐိဝ (Burmese script)
• શિવ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ਼ਿਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌶𑌿𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦯꦶꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂬𑂱𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಶಿವ (Kannada script)
• ឝិវ (Khmer script)
• ຨິວ (Lao script)
• ശിവ (Malayalam script)
• ᡧᡳᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘫𑘱𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠱᠢᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧋𑧒𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐱𑐶𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଶିଵ (Odia script)
• ꢯꢶꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆯𑆴𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖫𑖰𑖪 (Siddham script)
• ශිව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩿𑩑𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚧𑚮𑚦 (Takri script)
• ஶிவ (Tamil script)
• శివ (Telugu script)
• ศิว (Thai script)
• ཤི་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒬𑒱𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨮𑨁𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

According to the Uṇādi-sūtra i, 153, from verbal root शी (śī, “to lie down”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-. Alternatively from श्वि (śvi, “to swell”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-; compare शवस् (śavas, “strength, superiority”), सुशिश्वि (suśiśvi, “growing well”); cognate with Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”).

An earlier deity, रुद्र (rudra, “Rudra”), was often described with the adjective शिव (śivá, “auspicious”). शिव-रुद्र (śiva-rudra) was eventually shortened to शिव (śiva) in later Sanskrit, the name of the deity worshipped today.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕi.ʋɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕi.ʋɐ/

Proper noun

शिव • (śiva) stem, m

1. (Hinduism) Shiva (the destroying and reproducing deity, third god of the Hindu trinity)

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:शिव

   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 12.926.19:

     ततो हरो जटी स्थाणुर्देवोऽध्वरपतिः शिवः।
     जगाम शरणं देवो ब्रह्माणं परमेष्ठिनम॥

     tato haro jaṭī sthāṇurdevoʼdhvarapatiḥ śivaḥ.
     jagāma śaraṇaṃ devo brahmāṇaṃ parameṣṭhinama.

   • c. 900 CE – 1500, Śiva Purāṇa 4.42.13:

     अन्ये च ये समुत्पन्ना यथानुक्रमतो लयम् ॥
     यांति नैव तथा रुद्रः शिवे रुद्रो विलीयते ॥

     anye ca ye samutpannā yathānukramato layam.
     yāṃti naiva tathā rudraḥ śive rudro vilīyate.

     Other beings and gods who are born get dissolved in due order but not so Rudra. Rudra gets merged in Śiva.

2. a second Shiva; especially emancipated; a class of such Brahmans
3. (in the dual) Shiva and his wife
4. a male given name

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव

	singular
nominative	शिवः (śivaḥ)
vocative	शिव (śiva)
accusative	शिवम् (śivam)
instrumental	शिवेन (śivena)
dative	शिवाय (śivāya)
ablative	शिवात् (śivāt)
genitive	शिवस्य (śivasya)
locative	शिवे (śive)

Derived terms

• शिवबीज (śivabīja)
• शिवलिङ्ग (śivaliṅga, “phallic image of Shiva”)
• शिवा (śivā)
• शिवोऽहम् (śivoʼham, “"I am Shiva", a mantra”)
• शैव (śaiva, “Shaivism”)
• ॐ नमः शिवाय (oṃ namaḥ śivāya)

Adjective

शिव • (śivá) stem

1. auspicious, favourable

   शिवम् ― śivám ― kindly, tenderly'

2. happy, fortunate

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शिवः (śiváḥ)	शिवौ (śivaú) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)	शिवाः (śivā́ḥ) शिवासः¹ (śivā́saḥ¹)
vocative	शिव (śíva)	शिवौ (śívau) शिवा¹ (śívā¹)	शिवाः (śívāḥ) शिवासः¹ (śívāsaḥ¹)
accusative	शिवम् (śivám)	शिवौ (śivaú) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)	शिवान् (śivā́n)
instrumental	शिवेन (śivéna)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवैः (śivaíḥ) शिवेभिः¹ (śivébhiḥ¹)
dative	शिवाय (śivā́ya)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
ablative	शिवात् (śivā́t)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
genitive	शिवस्य (śivásya)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवानाम् (śivā́nām)
locative	शिवे (śivé)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवेषु (śivéṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of शिवा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शिवा (śivā́)	शिवे (śivé)	शिवाः (śivā́ḥ)
vocative	शिवे (śíve)	शिवे (śíve)	शिवाः (śívāḥ)
accusative	शिवाम् (śivā́m)	शिवे (śivé)	शिवाः (śivā́ḥ)
instrumental	शिवया (śiváyā) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवाभिः (śivā́bhiḥ)
dative	शिवायै (śivā́yai)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवाभ्यः (śivā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	शिवायाः (śivā́yāḥ) शिवायै² (śivā́yai²)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवाभ्यः (śivā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	शिवायाः (śivā́yāḥ) शिवायै² (śivā́yai²)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवानाम् (śivā́nām)
locative	शिवायाम् (śivā́yām)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवासु (śivā́su)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of शिव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शिवम् (śivám)	शिवे (śivé)	शिवानि (śivā́ni) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)
vocative	शिव (śíva)	शिवे (śíve)	शिवानि (śívāni) शिवा¹ (śívā¹)
accusative	शिवम् (śivám)	शिवे (śivé)	शिवानि (śivā́ni) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)
instrumental	शिवेन (śivéna)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवैः (śivaíḥ) शिवेभिः¹ (śivébhiḥ¹)
dative	शिवाय (śivā́ya)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
ablative	शिवात् (śivā́t)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
genitive	शिवस्य (śivásya)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवानाम् (śivā́nām)
locative	शिवे (śivé)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवेषु (śivéṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

शिव • (śivá) stem, m or n

1. m happiness, welfare
2. m liberation, final emancipation
3. n welfare, prosperity, bliss

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शिवः (śiváḥ)	शिवौ (śivaú) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)	शिवाः (śivā́ḥ) शिवासः¹ (śivā́saḥ¹)
vocative	शिव (śíva)	शिवौ (śívau) शिवा¹ (śívā¹)	शिवाः (śívāḥ) शिवासः¹ (śívāsaḥ¹)
accusative	शिवम् (śivám)	शिवौ (śivaú) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)	शिवान् (śivā́n)
instrumental	शिवेन (śivéna)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवैः (śivaíḥ) शिवेभिः¹ (śivébhiḥ¹)
dative	शिवाय (śivā́ya)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
ablative	शिवात् (śivā́t)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
genitive	शिवस्य (śivásya)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवानाम् (śivā́nām)
locative	शिवे (śivé)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवेषु (śivéṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of शिव

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	शिवम् (śivám)	शिवे (śivé)	शिवानि (śivā́ni) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)
vocative	शिव (śíva)	शिवे (śíve)	शिवानि (śívāni) शिवा¹ (śívā¹)
accusative	शिवम् (śivám)	शिवे (śivé)	शिवानि (śivā́ni) शिवा¹ (śivā́¹)
instrumental	शिवेन (śivéna)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवैः (śivaíḥ) शिवेभिः¹ (śivébhiḥ¹)
dative	शिवाय (śivā́ya)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
ablative	शिवात् (śivā́t)	शिवाभ्याम् (śivā́bhyām)	शिवेभ्यः (śivébhyaḥ)
genitive	शिवस्य (śivásya)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवानाम् (śivā́nām)
locative	शिवे (śivé)	शिवयोः (śiváyoḥ)	शिवेषु (śivéṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: শিৱ (xiw)
• Bengali: শিব (śibo)
• → Chinese: 濕婆 / 湿婆 (Shīpó)
• Marathi: शिव (śiv)
• Gujarati: શિવ (śiv)
• Hindi: शिव (śiv)
• → Javanese: Siwah
• → Kannada: ಶಿವ (śiva)
• → Khmer: សិវៈ (sevaʼ), សូលី (soulii)
• Odia: ଶିବ (śiba)
• Tamil: சிவன் (civaṉ)
• Pali: Siva
  • → Burmese: သိဝ (si.wa.)
  • → Thai: ศิวะ (sì-wá)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “शिव”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1074.