شمال
Arabic
[edit]Root |
---|
ش م ل (š m l) |
7 terms |
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Semitic *śimāl-. Cognate with Hebrew שְׂמֹאל (s'mól, “left”), Akkadian 𒆏 (šumēlum, “left side”), Aramaic סְמָלָא (səmālā) / ܣܡܠܐ (semmālā, “left side”), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍 (šmảl). The north sense derives from the left-hand side facing the sunrise, also attested in Sabaean 𐩠𐩦𐩱𐩣𐩡 (hs²ʾml, “to be northward”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شِمَال • (šimāl) f (plural أَشْمُل (ʔašmul) or شَمَائِل (šamāʔil) or شُمُل (šumul))
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote; basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʔašmul; šamāʔil; šumul |
الْأَشْمُل; الشَّمَائِل; الشُّمُل al-ʔašmul; aš-šamāʔil; aš-šumul |
أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʔašmul; šamāʔil; šumul |
Nominative | أَشْمُلٌ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلٌ ʔašmulun; šamāʔilu; šumulun |
الْأَشْمُلُ; الشَّمَائِلُ; الشُّمُلُ al-ʔašmulu; aš-šamāʔilu; aš-šumulu |
أَشْمُلُ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلُ ʔašmulu; šamāʔilu; šumulu |
Accusative | أَشْمُلًا; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلًا ʔašmulan; šamāʔila; šumulan |
الْأَشْمُلَ; الشَّمَائِلَ; الشُّمُلَ al-ʔašmula; aš-šamāʔila; aš-šumula |
أَشْمُلَ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلَ ʔašmula; šamāʔila; šumula |
Genitive | أَشْمُلٍ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلٍ ʔašmulin; šamāʔila; šumulin |
الْأَشْمُلِ; الشَّمَائِلِ; الشُّمُلِ al-ʔašmuli; aš-šamāʔili; aš-šumuli |
أَشْمُلِ; شَمَائِلِ; شُمُلِ ʔašmuli; šamāʔili; šumuli |
Synonyms
[edit]- يَسَار (yasār)
Antonyms
[edit]- يَمِين (yamīn)
References
[edit]- Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[1], London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[2], London: W.H. Allen
- “Proto-Semitic Root: *ŝimaʔl-; Number 2218” in Georgiy Starostin, Tower of Babel, Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin.
Etymology 2
[edit]From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to bundle, “to wrap”, “to huddle”, “to be cold” – such senses are influenced by the cold-dry northerly wind necessitating wrapping up with clothes.
Noun
[edit]شِمَال • (šimāl) m (plural شَمَائِل (šamāʔil))
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَائِل šamāʔil |
الشَّمَائِل aš-šamāʔil |
شَمَائِل šamāʔil |
Nominative | شَمَائِلُ šamāʔilu |
الشَّمَائِلُ aš-šamāʔilu |
شَمَائِلُ šamāʔilu |
Accusative | شَمَائِلَ šamāʔila |
الشَّمَائِلَ aš-šamāʔila |
شَمَائِلَ šamāʔila |
Genitive | شَمَائِلَ šamāʔila |
الشَّمَائِلِ aš-šamāʔili |
شَمَائِلِ šamāʔili |
References
[edit]- Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[3], London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[4], London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 3
[edit]From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to be leftward” – the north direction being the left-hand side facing the sunrise; constrast with اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman), originally denoting one's right-hand side, before developing the sense of "the south". Additionally it is relatable to the root meaning “to bundle” or “to wrap”, as the cold northern wind necessitated wrapping up with clothes, contrasting with جَنُوب (janūb, “south”) from the root ج ن ب (j-n-b) meaning “changing”, “laying aside” clothes, the warm southern wind allowing to put off clothes.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شَمَال • (šamāl) m
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَال šamāl |
الشَّمَال aš-šamāl |
شَمَال šamāl |
Nominative | شَمَالٌ šamālun |
الشَّمَالُ aš-šamālu |
شَمَالُ šamālu |
Accusative | شَمَالًا šamālan |
الشَّمَالَ aš-šamāla |
شَمَالَ šamāla |
Genitive | شَمَالٍ šamālin |
الشَّمَالِ aš-šamāli |
شَمَالِ šamāli |
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبَوْصَلَةِ (ittijāhāt al-bawṣalati);
شَمَال غَرْبِيّ (šamāl ḡarbiyy) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْقِيّ (šamāl šarqiyy) |
غَرْب (ḡarb) | شَرْق (šarq) | |
جَنُوب غَرْبِيّ (janūb ḡarbiyy) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْقِيّ (janūb šarqiyy) |
Noun
[edit]شَمَال • (šamāl) f (plural شَمَالَات (šamālāt))
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَال šamāl |
الشَّمَال aš-šamāl |
شَمَال šamāl |
Nominative | شَمَالٌ šamālun |
الشَّمَالُ aš-šamālu |
شَمَالُ šamālu |
Accusative | شَمَالًا šamālan |
الشَّمَالَ aš-šamāla |
شَمَالَ šamāla |
Genitive | شَمَالٍ šamālin |
الشَّمَالِ aš-šamāli |
شَمَالِ šamāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شَمَالَيْن šamālayn |
الشَّمَالَيْن aš-šamālayn |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Nominative | شَمَالَانِ šamālāni |
الشَّمَالَانِ aš-šamālāni |
شَمَالَا šamālā |
Accusative | شَمَالَيْنِ šamālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Genitive | شَمَالَيْنِ šamālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Plural | sound feminine plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَالَات šamālāt |
الشَّمَالَات aš-šamālāt |
شَمَالَات šamālāt |
Nominative | شَمَالَاتٌ šamālātun |
الشَّمَالَاتُ aš-šamālātu |
شَمَالَاتُ šamālātu |
Accusative | شَمَالَاتٍ šamālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ šamālāti |
Genitive | شَمَالَاتٍ šamālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ šamālāti |
References
[edit]- Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[5], London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[6], London: W.H. Allen
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “شمل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Chagatai
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
Noun
[edit]شمال (šimal)
Descendants
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال (šämal)
Descendants
[edit]Hijazi Arabic
[edit]Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šamāl) m
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبوصَلَة (ittijāhāt al-būṣala);
شَمَال غَرْب (šamāl ḡarb) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْق (šamāl šarg) |
غَرْب (ḡarb) | شَرْق (šarg) | |
جَنُوب غَرْب (janūb ḡarb) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْق (janūb šarg) |
Derived terms
[edit]- شَمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šumāl) m
Moroccan Arabic
[edit]Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šamāl) m
Derived terms
[edit]- شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
See also
[edit](compass points)
شمال (šamāl) | ||
غرب (ḡarb) | شرق (šarq) | |
جنوب (janūb) |
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šmāl) m
Derived terms
[edit]- شمالي (šmāli, “left-handed”)
Pashto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šimāl) m
Declension
[edit]Coordinate terms
[edit]- (compass points)
شمال لوېديځ | شمال | شمال ختيځ |
لوېديځ | ختيځ | |
جنوب لوېديځ | جنوب | جنوب ختيځ |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]Pashtoon, Zeeya A. (2009) “شمال”, in Pashto–English Dictionary, Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press
Persian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʃa.ˈmɑːl], [ʃu.ˈmɑːl], [ʃi.ˈmɑːl]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʃo.mɒ́ːl̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʃi.mɔ́l], [ʃä.mɔ́l]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | šamāl, šumāl, šimāl |
Dari reading? | šamāl |
Iranian reading? | šomâl |
Tajik reading? | šimol, šamol |
Noun
[edit]Dari | شمال |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | шимол, шамол |
شمال • (šomâl)
- north
- north wind
- Synonym: باد شمال (bâd-e šomâl)
- (Iran, colloquial) Northern Iran
- Synonym: شمال ایران (šomâl-e irân)
- (Tajik) wind
- Synonym: باد (bâd)
Usage notes
[edit]- In Tajik Persian, шимол (šimol) (شِمال) refers to "north", while шамол (šamol) (شَمال) refers to "wind". These are etymologically doublets, and not phonetically or orthographically distinguished in Iranian Persian.
Derived terms
[edit]- شمالی (šomâli)
South Levantine Arabic
[edit]Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šmāl) m
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال • (šamāl) m
Derived terms
[edit]- شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
See also
[edit](compass points)
شمال (šamāl) | ||
غرب (ḡarb) | شرق (šarq) | |
جنوب (janūb) |
Urdu
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Classical Persian شُمَال (šumāl)
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]شُمال or شِمال • (śumāl or śimāl) m (Hindi spelling शुमाल or शिमाल)
See also
[edit](compass points)
شمال مغربی | شمال | شمال مشرقی |
مغرب | مشرق | |
جنوب مغربی | جنوب | جنوب مشرقی |
References
[edit]- “شمال”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- “شمال”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
Ushojo
[edit]Noun
[edit]شمال (šmāl)
- Arabic terms belonging to the root ش م ل
- Arabic terms inherited from Proto-Semitic
- Arabic terms derived from Proto-Semitic
- Arabic 2-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic feminine terms lacking feminine ending
- Arabic feminine nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic diptote broken plural
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic terms with audio pronunciation
- Arabic nouns with sound feminine plural
- ar:Compass points
- ar:Wind
- Chagatai terms borrowed from Arabic
- Chagatai terms derived from Arabic
- Chagatai lemmas
- Chagatai nouns
- Hijazi Arabic terms belonging to the root ش م ل
- Hijazi Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- Hijazi Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- Hijazi Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hijazi Arabic lemmas
- Hijazi Arabic nouns
- Hijazi Arabic masculine nouns
- acw:Compass points
- Hijazi Arabic terms with rare senses
- Moroccan Arabic terms belonging to the root ش م ل
- Moroccan Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- Moroccan Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- Moroccan Arabic 2-syllable words
- Moroccan Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Moroccan Arabic lemmas
- Moroccan Arabic nouns
- Moroccan Arabic masculine nouns
- ary:Compass points
- Moroccan Arabic 1-syllable words
- Pashto terms borrowed from Arabic
- Pashto terms derived from Arabic
- Pashto terms with IPA pronunciation
- Pashto lemmas
- Pashto nouns
- Pashto masculine nouns
- Persian terms borrowed from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Arabic
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- Iranian Persian
- Persian colloquialisms
- fa:Compass points
- South Levantine Arabic terms belonging to the root ش م ل
- South Levantine Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- South Levantine Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- South Levantine Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- South Levantine Arabic terms with audio pronunciation
- South Levantine Arabic lemmas
- South Levantine Arabic nouns
- South Levantine Arabic masculine nouns
- ajp:Compass points
- ajp:Directions
- Urdu terms derived from Arabic
- Urdu terms derived from the Arabic root ش م ل
- Urdu terms derived from Classical Persian
- Urdu terms borrowed from Classical Persian
- Urdu terms with IPA pronunciation
- Urdu terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Urdu/ɑːl
- Rhymes:Urdu/ɑːl/2 syllables
- Urdu lemmas
- Urdu nouns
- Urdu masculine nouns
- Ushojo lemmas
- Ushojo nouns