خشم

See also: چشم and جسم

Gulf Arabic

Etymology

Root
خ ش م
1 term

From Arabic خَشَم (ḵašam). Cognate with Hijazi Arabic خشم (ḵušum).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈχə.ʃɪm/

Noun

خَشِم • (ḵašim) m (plural خْشُوم (ḵšūm))

1. nose

Hijazi Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic خَشَم (ḵašam). Cognate with Gulf Arabic خشم (ḵašim).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xu.ʃum/, [xʊ.ʃʊm]

Noun

خشم • (ḵušum) m (construct state خُشْم (ḵušm), plural أخشام (ʔaḵšām))

1. nose

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian ʾyšm, xyšm (xēšm, “anger”), from Old Persian *aišima (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 (aēšəma), 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma)), from Proto-Iranian *HayšHmah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HayšHmas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁oysh₂-mo-s, from *h₁eysh₂-.

Cognate with Parthian 𐫙𐫢𐫖𐫃 (ʿšmg /⁠išmag⁠/, “wrath, the demon wrath”), Northern Kurdish hov (“savage”) and more distantly Latin īra. Akin to Old Armenian հեշմակապաշտ (hešmakapašt), Old Georgian ჰეშმაკი (hešmaḳi), ეშმაკი (ešmaḳi), Middle Georgian შმაგი (šmagi), Iranian borrowings.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xaʃm], [xiʃm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäʃm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäʃm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xäʃm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xi.ʃim]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæʃm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χäʃm]

Readings
Classical reading?	xašm, xišm
Dari reading?	xašm
Iranian reading?	xašm
Tajik reading?	xašm

Noun

Dari	خشم
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хашм

خشم • (xašm)

1. anger, wrath, rage

   Synonyms: عصبانیت ('asabâniyat), غضب (ğazab), تندخویی (tondxuyi)

   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3799:

     خشم بر شاهان شه و ما را غلام
     خشم را هم بسته‌‌ام زیر لگام

     xišm bar šāhān šah u mā rā ğulām
     xišm rā ham basta-am zēr-i lagām

     Anger is king over kings, and to me it is a slave:
     even anger I have bound under the bridle.

   • 1021-1077, Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Tarikh-i Bayhaqi

     چون حسنک بیامد، خواجه بر پای خاست. چون او این مَکرُمت بکرد، همه – اگر خواستند یا نه – بر پای خاستند. بو سهل زوزنی بر خشم خود طاقت نداشت؛ برخاست، نه تمام و بر خویشتن می ژکید. احمد او را گفت: در همه کارها ناتمامی. وی نیک از جای بشد.

     Čūn Hasanak biyāmad, Xwāja bar pāy xāst. Čūn ō īn makrumat bikard, hama – agar xwāstand yā na – bar pāy xāstand. Bū Sahl Zawzanī bar xašm-i xwad tāqat nadāšt; bar-xāst, na tamām, wa bar xwēštan mē-žakīd. Ahmad ō rā guft: "dar hama-i kār-hā nā-tamāmī". Way nēk az jāy bišud.

     When Hasanak [the Vizier] arrived, Khwaja [Ahmad Maymandi] rose to his feet. Since he displayed this act of respect, everyone – whether they wanted or not – rose to their feet.. Bu Sahl Zawzani couldn't contain his irritation; he rose, [but] not completely, while muttering under his breath. Ahmad said to him: "In all [your] undertakings, you lack thoroughness." He [Bu Sahl] became extremely angered.

Derived terms

• خشمگین (xašmgin, “angry”)

Descendants

• → Hindi: ख़श्म (xaśma)
• → Turkish: hışım

Urdu

Etymology

From Classical Persian خشم (xašm, “anger, rage”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xəʃm/

Noun

خشم • (xaśm) m (Hindi spelling ख़श्म)

1. anger; rage, fury, wrath
2. indignation; ire
3. passion

References

• “خشم”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خشم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “خشم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• “خشم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.