بودن

See also: تؤذن

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Hungarian Buda.

Proper noun

بودن • (Budin)

1. Buda (a city in Hungary), now part of Budapest
2. (historical) Buda (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)

Further reading

• Mallouf, Nassif (1856) “Bude”, in Dictionnaire français-turc, 2nd edition, Paris: Maisonneuve, page 77
• Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Budapeşte”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎^[1], 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 135

Persian

Alternative forms

• بدن (bodan) (poetic)
• باشیدن (bâšidan)

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (būdan, baw-), from Old Persian 𐎲𐎺- (bav-), from Proto-Iranian *báwati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰáwHati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to be, become”), *bʰew- (“to grow”).

Modern Iranian cognates include Ossetian уын (wyn), Pashto و (wo, “he was”), Baluchi بوگ (būag), Northern Kurdish bûn and Zazaki bîyaene, Northern Luri بیێن (byên).

Extended Indo-Iranian cognates include Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaⁱti, “is”) and Sanskrit भवति (bhávati, “becomes”).

Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek φύω (phúō, “cause to grow, bring forth”), Latin fui (“I was”), Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti) (Russian быть (bytʹ), Ukrainian бути (buty)) and Old English beon (English be).

For the suppletive present stem see the etymology of است (ast).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [buː.ˈðan]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [buː.d̪ǽn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [buː.d̪ǽn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [buː.d̪ǽn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [bu.d̪ǽn]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [buː.d̪ǽn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [bu.d̪ǽn]

Readings
Classical reading?	būḏan
Dari reading?	būdan
Iranian reading?	budan
Tajik reading?	budan

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Verb

Dari	بودن
Iranian Persian
Tajik	будан

بودَن • (budan) (present stem باش (bâš) or بو (bov))

1. to be (See the Usage Notes)
2. to exist

Usage notes

The conjugation of بودن with the stem باش derived herefrom is used mainly in formal or literary contexts, or universally in non-present constructions. Elsewhere, and in some constructions universally, two additional sets of verb inflections are used. Both these sets are defective, lacking an infinitive, clearly-defined stem, and inflections other than those in the present indicative.

The first is a short form which may be used as a general copula, placed directly after its predicate, but except in participle constructions, is considered less formal. It is conjugated as follows (note: In the tables, hover mouse over Arabic script for transliterated pronunciation, desktop site only):

After a sounded consonant:

present indicative	singular	plural
1st person	م (am)	یم (im)
2nd person	ی (i)	ید (id)
3rd person	*است (ast*)	ند (and)

• Note: است is not connected.

After the short vowel ە:

present indicative	singular	plural
1st person	ام (am)	ایم (im)
2nd person	ای, *ء (i)	اید (id)
3rd person	است (ast)	اند (and)

• Note: This hamzeh (ء) is put above the ە as follows: ۀ.

After a long vowel ا/و/ی:

present indicative	singular	plural
1st person	ئم (yam)	ئیم ('im)
2nd person	ئی (î)	ئید ('id)
3rd person	*ست (st*)	ئند (yand)

• Note: Preceding vowel sound is applied
• Also, a normal ی is often used instead of the more traditional ئ-form.

The second alternative form of to be is a longer form based on a stem هست (hast), which, though seemingly inflected as a past verb (it takes no 'د' ending in the 3rd-person singular), bears a present-tense meaning just as the shorter form above does, but is more existential and formal in tone. Also, although the shorter form is either partially or wholly affixed to its predicate, this longer form is written separately; it is conjugated as follows:

present indicative	singular	plural
1st person	من هستم (man hastam)	ما هستیم (mâ hastim)
2nd person	تو هستی (to hasti)	شما هستید (šomâ hastid)
3rd person	او / وی / آن هست (u/vay/ân hast)	ایشان / آنان / آنها هستند (išân/ânân/ânhâ hastand)

The negative forms of both alternative forms of to be are made by means of prefixing the forms of هست with the negative indicative prefix نَـ (na), which assimilates and blends with the beginning of the هست-forms to form a negative stem نیست (nist). Suffixed with the personal endings, this stem yields the following negative inflections of the alternative forms of to be:

present indicative	singular	plural
1st person	من نیستم (man nistam)	ما نیستیم (mâ nistim)
2nd person	تو نيستی (to nisti)	شما نیستید (šomâ nistid)
3rd person	او / وی / آن نيست (u/vay/ân nist)	ایشان / آنان / آنها نيستند (išân/ânân/ânhâ nistand)

Conjugation

Conjugation of بودن (budán) (literary Iranian Persian)

بودن ( budán)								infinitive
بود ( bud)			past stem		باش ( bâš)			present stem
بودیم ( búdim)	ما	بودم ( búdam)	من	past	باشیم ( bấšim)	ما	باشم ( bấšam)	من	subjunctive present
بودید ( búdid)	شما	بودی ( búdi)	تو		باشید ( bấšid)	شما	باشی ( bấši)	تو
بودند ( búdand)	آنها	بود ( bud)	وی		باشند ( bấšand)	آنها	باشد ( bấšad)	وی
یم (im)	ما	م (am)	من	present (suffixed)	هستیم ( hastim)	ما	هستم ( hastam)	من	present (separate)
ید (id)	شما	ی (i)	تو		هستید ( hastid)	شما	هستی ( hasti)	تو
ند (and)	آنها	است ( ast)	وی		هستند ( hastand)	آنها	هست ( hast) *emphatic	وی
بوده‌ایم ( budé-im)	ما	بوده‌ام ( budé-am)	من	present perfect	خواهیم بود ( xâhím bud)	ما	خواهم بود ( xâhám bud)	من	future
بوده‌اید ( budé-id)	شما	بوده‌ای ( budé-i)	تو		خواهید بود ( xâhíd bud)	شما	خواهی بود ( xâhí bud)	تو
بوده‌اند ( budé-and)	آنها	بوده است ( budé ast)	وی		خواهند بود ( xâhánd bud)	آنها	خواهد بود ( xâhád bud)	وی
					باشید ( bấšid)	شما	باش ( bấš)	تو	imperative

Conjugation of بودن (budán) (colloquial Tehrani)

بودن ( budán)								infinitive
بود ( bud)			past stem		باش ( bâš)			present stem
بودیم ( búdim)	ما	بودم ( búdam)	من	past	باشیم ( bấšim)	ما	باشم ( bấšam)	من	subjunctive present
بودین ( búdin)	شما	بودی ( búdi)	تو		باشین ( bấšin)	شما	باشی ( bấši)	تو
بودن ( búdan)	اونها	بود ( bud)	او		باشن ( bấšan)	اونها	باشه ( bấše)	او
یم (im)	ما	م (am)	من	present (suffixed)	هستیم ( hastim)	ما	هستم ( hastam)	من	present (separate)
ین (in)	شما	ی (i)	تو		هستین ( hastin)	شما	هستی ( hasti)	تو
ن (an)	اونها	ه (e)	او		هستن ( hastan)	اونها	هست ( hast) *emphatic	او
بوده‌ایم ( bud'ím)	ما	بوده‌ام ( bud'ám)	من	present perfect	باشین ( bấšin)	شما	باش ( bấš)	تو	imperative
بوده‌این ( bud'ín)	شما	بوده‌ای ( bud'í)	تو
بوده‌ان ( bud'án)	اونها	بوده ( budé)	او

Present-tense suffixes

after consonants
ـیم (-im)	ما	ـم (-am)	من	present tense
ـید (-id)	شما	ـی (-i)	تو
ـند (-and)	آنها	است (ast)	او
after long vowels
ییم (-yim)	ما	یم (-yam)	من	present tense
یید (-yid)	شما	یی (-yi)	تو
یند (-yand)	آنها	ست (-st)	او

هست (hast)

هستیم (hastim)	ما	هستم (hastam)	من	present tense
هستید (hastid)	شما	هستی (hasti)	تو
هستند (hastand)	آنها	هست (hast)	او

نیست (nist)

نیستیم (nistim)	ما	نیستم (nistam)	من	present tense
نیستید (nistid)	شما	نیستی (nisti)	تو
نیستند (nistand)	آنها	نیست (nist)	او

Synonyms

• (deferential) تشریف داشتن (tašrif dâštan)

References

• Mace, John (2003) Persian Grammar, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pages 95–99
• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “boodan”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “budan”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
• Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 16-8