бꙑти

Old Church Slavonic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuh₂-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian būti and Latvian būt. Other Indo-European cognates include Latin fuī (“I was”), Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Sanskrit भवति (bhávati, “to become”), and Persian (bûdan, “to be”), Old English bēon (English be).

Verb

бꙑти • (byti) impf

to be
- from the Life of Constantine:
  филосѡѳе, вѣмь тѧ троудна соуща, но достоить тебѣ тамо ити.
  filosoθe, věmĭ tę trudna sušta, no dostoitĭ tebě tamo iti.
  Philosopher, I see that you are weary, but it does suit you to go there.

Usage notes

Attested бѣ-forms^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
бѣхъ	ⰱⱑ^[7]	ⰱⱑ,^[8] бѣше,^[9] бѣѣше,^[10] бѣаше^[11]
?	?	(бѣста^[12]), (бѣаста^[13]), ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ,^[14] ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ^[15]
ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ^[16]	?	бѣшѧ,^[17] бѣхѫ,^[18] бѣѣхѫ,^[19] бѣахѫ^[20]

Attested би-forms^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
бимь/бимъ	би	би
?	?	?
бимъ/бимь, бихомъ	бисте	бѫ, бишѧ

Conjugation

	present	imperfective	aorist	future	imperative	perfective aorist
1st person sg	есмь (esmĭ)	бѣахъ (běaxŭ)	бѣхъ (běxŭ)	бѫдѫ (bǫdǫ)	бѫдѣмь (bǫděmĭ)	бꙑхъ (byxŭ)
2nd person sg	еси (esi)	бѣаше (běaše)	бѣ (bě)	бѫдеши (bǫdeši)	бѫди (bǫdi)	бꙑстъ (bystŭ) / бꙑ (by)
3rd person sg	естъ (estŭ)	бѣаше (běaše)	бѣ (bě)	бѫдетъ (bǫdetŭ)	бѫди (bǫdi)	бꙑстъ (bystŭ) / бꙑ (by)
1st person dual	есвѣ (esvě)	бѣаховѣ (běaxově)	бѣховѣ (běxově)	бѫдевѣ (bǫdevě)	бѫдѣвѣ (bǫděvě)	бꙑховѣ (byxově)
2nd person dual	еста (esta)	бѣашета (běašeta)	бѣста (běsta)	бѫдета (bǫdeta)	бѫдѣта (bǫděta)	бꙑста (bysta)
3rd person dual	есте (este)	бѣашете (běašete)	бѣсте (běste)	бѫдете (bǫdete)	бѫдѣте (bǫděte)	бꙑсте (byste)
1st person pl	есмъ (esmŭ)	бѣахомъ (běaxomŭ)	бѣхомъ (běxomŭ)	бѫдемъ (bǫdemŭ)	бѫдѣмъ (bǫděmŭ)	бꙑхомъ (byxomŭ)
2nd person pl	есте (este)	бѣашете (běašete)	бѣсте (běste)	бѫдете (bǫdete)	бѫдѣте (bǫděte)	бꙑсте (byste)
3rd person pl	сѫтъ (sǫtŭ)	бѣахѫ (běaxǫ)	бѣшѧ (běšę)	бѫдѫтъ (bǫdǫtŭ)	бѫдѫ (bǫdǫ)	бꙑшѧ (byšę)

participles

	masculine sg	neuter sg	feminine sg
present active participle	сꙑ (sy)	сꙑ (sy)	сѫщи (sǫšti)
resultative participle	бꙑлъ (bylŭ)	бꙑло (bylo)	бꙑла (byla)
past active participle	бꙑвъ (byvŭ)	бꙑвъ (byvŭ)	бꙑвъши (byvŭši)
substantive	—	бꙑтьѥ, бꙑтиѥ (bytĭje, bytije)	—

не бꙑти (negative conjugation)

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	нѣсмь (něsmĭ)	нѣсвѣ (něsvě)	нѣсмъ (něsmŭ)
2nd person	нѣси (něsi)	нѣста (něsta)	нѣсте (něste)
3rd person	нѣстъ (něstŭ)	нѣсте (něste)	не сѫтъ (ne sǫtŭ)

Derived terms

бꙑтие (bytie)
бꙑть (bytĭ)
бꙑтьнъ (bytĭnŭ)
добꙑти (dobyti)
забꙑти (zabyti)
забꙑтие (zabytie)
забꙑть (zabytĭ)
забꙑтьливъ (zabytĭlivŭ)
избꙑти (izbyti)
избꙑтие (izbytie)
избꙑтъкъ (izbytŭkŭ)
небꙑтие (nebytie)
небꙑтьнъ (nebytĭnŭ)
неизбꙑтьнъ (neizbytĭnŭ)
прибꙑти (pribyti)
прибꙑтъкъ (pribytŭkŭ)
прѣбꙑти (prěbyti)
прѣбꙑтие (prěbytie)
прѣбꙑть (prěbytĭ)
прѣбꙑтьнъ (prěbytĭnŭ)
самобꙑтие (samobytie)
самобꙑтьнъ (samobytĭnŭ)
събꙑти (sŭbyti)
събꙑтие (sŭbytie)

Related terms

бꙑвати (byvati)
забꙑвати (zabyvati)
избꙑвание (izbyvanie)
избꙑвати (izbyvati)
обꙑвати (obyvati)
отъбꙑвати (otŭbyvati)
прибꙑвати (pribyvati)
прѣбꙑвание (prěbyvanie)
прѣбꙑвати (prěbyvati)
събꙑвати (sŭbyvati)

Descendants

Bulgarian: съм (sǎm), бъ́да (bǎ́da)

References

^ Karl Meyer (1935) “бѣхъ, бѣ, бѣ, бѣаше, бѣхомъ, бѣшѧ, бѣахѫ, бѣста, бѣаста”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[1] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 21
^ Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[2] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
^ Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[3] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
^ Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎^[4] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
^
^{The template Template:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s): a=1
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Григории, editor (1057), “бѣ, бѣ, бѣаста, бѣахѫ, бѣаше, бѣста, бѣсте, бѣхъ бѣхѫ, бѣше, бѣшѧ (leaf 52)”, in Еуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎^[5] (in Old Church Slavonic), page 52
^ “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org
^ “ⱅⱏⰹ ⰱⱑ (line -13, leaf 39)”, in Codex Marianus [Ф.87 №6]‎^[6] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1016±16, page Mt:26:69
^ “ⰱⱑ (leaf 260, line -7)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[7] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Jn:11:1
^ Сава, editor (1050±50), “бѣше (line 7, leaf 87)”, in Sava's book‎^[8] (in Old Church Slavonic), page Jn:12:2
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[9] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 23.5, line 30
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[10] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 62, line 26
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[11] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 214.5, line 30
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[12] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 102.5, line 5
^ “ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ (line 14, leaf 35)”, in Codex Assemanius [Vat. Slav. 3]‎^[13] (in Old Church Slavonic), Vatican Library, 10xx?, page Mt:4:18
^ “ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ (leaf 78, line -5)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[14] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Mk:1:16
^ “ⰴⰾⱏⰶⱐⱀⰻ ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ ⱄⱏⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (leaf 195.5, line -9)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[15] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣшѧ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[16] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 10.5, line 17
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “прикладаѥма бѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[17] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 199, line 24
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[18] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 77.5, line 13
^ Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣахѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[19] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 1.5, line 28
^ Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “II. бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[20] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
^ Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[21] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
^ Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎^[22] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
^ Karl Meyer (1935) “быти”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[23] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 22
^ “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org

Андрей Бояджиев, Старобългарска читанка, София, 2016.

Old East Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti) and Old Polish być.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɯti/→/ˈbɯtʲi/→/ˈbɯtʲi/

(ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈbɯti/
(ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈbɯtʲi/
(ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈbɯtʲi/

Hyphenation: бꙑ‧ти

Verb

бꙑти (byti) impf

(copulative) to be
- 1076, Sviatoslav's izbornik‎^[29], page 1:
  Добро есть, братиѥ, почѥтаньѥ книжьноѥ։ паче вьсѧкомоу хрьстьꙗноу·
  Dobro estĭ, bratije, počjetanĭje knižĭnoje։ pače vĭsękomu xrĭstĭjanu·
  The reading of books is good, brothers: more so for any Christian.
(auxiliary) With the l-participle, used to form the past tense.
- 1377, Dmitry of Suzdal, Laurentian Codex‎^[30], page 1:
  ѿкуду єсть пошла рускаꙗ ꙁемѧ.
  otŭkudu estĭ pošla ruskaja zemę.
  Whence has originated the Rus land.
(auxiliary, verb in the 3rd person singular, subject in the dative) to have to

Conjugation

Conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)

Present Active Participle		Present Passive Participle	Past Active Participle	Past Passive Participle
		Singular	Dual	Plural
Present	1st	есмь esmĭ	есвѣ esvě	есмъ esmŭ
	2nd	еси esi	еста esta	есте este
	3rd	есть estĭ	еста esta	сѫть sǫtĭ
Aorist	1st	бꙑхъ, бѣхъ byxŭ, běxŭ	бꙑховѣ, бѣховѣ byxově, běxově	бꙑхомъ, бѣхомъ byxomŭ, běxomŭ
	2nd	бꙑ, бꙑсть, бѣ by, bystĭ, bě	бꙑста, бѣста bysta, běsta	бꙑсте, бѣсте byste, běste
	3rd	бꙑ, бꙑсть, бѣ by, bystĭ, bě	бꙑста, бѣста bysta, běsta	бꙑша, бѣша byša, běša
Imperfect	1st	бѣахъ, бꙗхъ běaxŭ, bjaxŭ	бѣаховѣ, бꙗховѣ běaxově, bjaxově	бѣахомъ, бꙗхомъ běaxomŭ, bjaxomŭ
	2nd	бѣаше, бꙗше běaše, bjaše	бѣаста, бꙗста běasta, bjasta	бѣасте, бꙗсте běaste, bjaste
	3rd	бѣаше, бꙗше běaše, bjaše	бѣаста, бꙗста běasta, bjasta	бѣаша, бꙗша, бꙗхѫ běaša, bjaša, bjaxǫ
Imperative		бѫди bǫdi	бѫдѣта bǫděta	бѫдѣте bǫděte
Cohortative		— —	бѫдѣвѣ bǫděvě	бѫдѣмъ bǫděmŭ
сꙑ sy		— —	бꙑвъ byvŭ	— —
L-Participle		Infinitive	Supine
бꙑлъ bylŭ		бꙑти byti	бꙑтъ bytŭ

Future conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	бѫдѫ bǫdǫ	бѫдевѣ bǫdevě	бѫдемъ bǫdemŭ
2nd	бѫдеши bǫdeši	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдете bǫdete
3rd	бѫдеть bǫdetĭ	бѫдета bǫdeta	бѫдѫть bǫdǫtĭ
Future Active Participle	бѫда bǫda

Descendants

Old Ruthenian: бы́ти (býti)
- Belarusian: быць (bycʹ)
- Carpathian Rusyn: бы́ти (bŷ́ty)
- Ukrainian: бу́ти (búty)
Russian: быть (bytʹ)

References

Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893) “бꙑти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[31] (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 204

[1] Karl Meyer (1935) “бѣхъ, бѣ, бѣ, бѣаше, бѣхомъ, бѣшѧ, бѣахѫ, бѣста, бѣаста”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[1] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 21

[2] Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[2] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193

[3] Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[3] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482

[4] Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎^[4] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156

[5] {The template Template:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s): a=1
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Григории, editor (1057), “бѣ, бѣ, бѣаста, бѣахѫ, бѣаше, бѣста, бѣсте, бѣхъ бѣхѫ, бѣше, бѣшѧ (leaf 52)”, in Еуглие [Ostromir Gospels]‎^[5] (in Old Church Slavonic), page 52

[6] “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org

[7] “ⱅⱏⰹ ⰱⱑ (line -13, leaf 39)”, in Codex Marianus [Ф.87 №6]‎^[6] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1016±16, page Mt:26:69

[8] “ⰱⱑ (leaf 260, line -7)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[7] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Jn:11:1

[9] Сава, editor (1050±50), “бѣше (line 7, leaf 87)”, in Sava's book‎^[8] (in Old Church Slavonic), page Jn:12:2

[10] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[9] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 23.5, line 30

[11] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаше”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[10] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 62, line 26

[12] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[11] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 214.5, line 30

[13] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаста”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[12] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 102.5, line 5

[14] “ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ (line 14, leaf 35)”, in Codex Assemanius [Vat. Slav. 3]‎^[13] (in Old Church Slavonic), Vatican Library, 10xx?, page Mt:4:18

[15] “ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ (leaf 78, line -5)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[14] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Mk:1:16

[16] “ⰴⰾⱏⰶⱐⱀⰻ ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ ⱄⱏⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (leaf 195.5, line -9)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1]‎^[15] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33

[17] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣшѧ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[16] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 10.5, line 17

[18] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “прикладаѥма бѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[17] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 199, line 24

[19] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[18] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 77.5, line 13

[20] Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣахѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis‎^[19] (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 1.5, line 28

[21] Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “II. бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка.‎^[20] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193

[22] Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями.‎^[21] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482

[23] Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга‎^[22] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156

[24] Karl Meyer (1935) “быти”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis‎^[23] (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 22

[25] “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org

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Old Church Slavonic

Etymology

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Further reading

Old East Slavic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Descendants

References