violo

See also: violó and violò

Catalan

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violar

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian viola, English violet, French violette and Polish fiołek.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [viˈolo]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -olo
Hyphenation: vi‧o‧lo

Noun

violo (accusative singular violon, plural violoj, accusative plural violojn)

violet (flower)
(rare) violet (color)
Synonym: violkoloro
- 1921, Johannes Dietterle, editor, La Vendreda Klubo: 11 Diversaj Originalaj Artikoloj Verkitaj de la “Vendredoklubanoj” en Leipzig [The Friday Club: 11 Diverse Original Articles Written by the “Friday Club Members” in Leipzig], Leipzig: Ferdinand Hirt & Sohn, page 77:
  Kiel la cirklo de l’ puraj koloroj estas ordigota? Ĉu ekzemple la interspaco inter sulfuro kaj oranĝo estas pli aŭ malpli granda ol la interspaco inter violo kaj cejano?
  How is the circle of pure colors to be ordered? For example, is the gap between sulfur and orange larger or smaller than the gap between violet and cyan?
- 1948, Montagu C[hristie] Butler, Step by Step in Esperanto: A Simple Textbook for English-Speaking Students, with Graduated Reading-Matter and Numerous Exercises for Class Teaching or for Home Study, The Esperanto Publishing Company Ltd., page 54:
  La ses koloroj de la ĉielarko (rainbow) estas: violo, bluo, verdo, flavo, oranĝo, kaj ruĝo.
  The six colors of the rainbow are: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
- 1958, Paul Neergaard, editor, Sciencaj Studoj: Bazitaj sur Originalaj Esploroj kaj Observoj: Eldonita Okaze de la 50-Jara Jubileo de Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista [Scientific Studies: Based on Original Research and Observations: Published on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Scientific Esperanto Association], Kopenhago [Copenhagen]: Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista [International Scientific Esperanto Association], →OCLC, page 168:
  Tre maldense okupitaj estas la regionoj de violo kaj purpuro. Ŝajne ekzistas grandaj diferencoj en la kolorbezonoj.
  The regions of violet and purple are very sparsely occupied. Seemingly there exist big differences in the color needs.

Italian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /viˈɔ.lo/^[1]^[2]
Rhymes: -ɔlo
Hyphenation: vi‧ò‧lo

Noun

violo m (plural violi) (regional, Tuscan)

violet (plant)
Synonym: (normal register) viola
carnation
Synonym: (normal register) garofano

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /viˈɔ.lo/^[3]
Rhymes: -ɔlo
Hyphenation: vi‧ò‧lo

Noun

violo m (plural violi) (regional, Venice)

path
Synonym: (normal register) viottolo

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈvi.o.lo/
Rhymes: -iolo
Hyphenation: vì‧o‧lo

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violare

References

^ violo in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
^ violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication
^ violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

Anagrams

olivo, ovoli

Latin

Etymology

Traditionally derived from vīs (“strength”), as if from some diminutive *viola. De Vaan prefers to derive the word instead from a deverbal adjective, which he reconstructs as Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-elos. Either way, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, strive after”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈu̯i.o.loː/, [ˈu̯iɔɫ̪oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈvi.o.lo/, [ˈviːolo]

Verb

violō (present infinitive violāre, perfect active violāvī, supine violātum); first conjugation

to treat with violence; to maltreat
to violate, defile, profane, rape
Synonyms: rumpō, irrumpō, frangō, īnfringō
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 6.167:
  post illud nec avēs cūnās violāsse feruntur
  Nor after that were they suffering the birds to have violated cradles
  (A goddess intervenes after a baby is attacked by striges and her divine prayers impart lasting protection.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of violō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	violō	violās		violat	violāmus	violātis		violant
	imperfect	violābam	violābās		violābat	violābāmus	violābātis		violābant
	future	violābō	violābis		violābit	violābimus	violābitis		violābunt
	perfect	violāvī	violāvistī, violāstī³		violāvit, violāt³	violāvimus, violāmus³	violāvistis, violāstis³		violāvērunt, violārunt, violāvēre³
	pluperfect	violāveram, violāram³	violāverās, violārās³		violāverat, violārat³	violāverāmus, violārāmus³	violāverātis, violārātis³		violāverant, violārant³
	future perfect	violāverō, violārō³	violāveris, violāris³		violāverit, violārit³	violāverimus, violārimus³	violāveritis, violāritis³		violāverint, violārint³
	sigmatic future¹	violāssō	violāssis		violāssit, violāsit	violāssimus	violāssitis		violāssint
passive	present	violor	violāris, violāre		violātur	violāmur	violāminī		violantur
	imperfect	violābar	violābāris, violābāre		violābātur	violābāmur	violābāminī		violābantur
	future	violābor	violāberis, violābere		violābitur	violābimur	violābiminī		violābuntur
	perfect	violātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	violātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	violātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	violem	violēs		violet	violēmus	violētis		violent
	imperfect	violārem	violārēs		violāret	violārēmus	violārētis		violārent
	perfect	violāverim, violārim³	violāverīs, violārīs³		violāverit, violārit³	violāverīmus, violārīmus³	violāverītis, violārītis³		violāverint, violārint³
	pluperfect	violāvissem, violāssem³	violāvissēs, violāssēs³		violāvisset, violāsset³	violāvissēmus, violāssēmus³	violāvissētis, violāssētis³		violāvissent, violāssent³
	sigmatic aorist¹	violāssim	violāssīs		violāssīt	violāssīmus	violāssītis		violāssint
passive	present	violer	violēris, violēre		violētur	violēmur	violēminī		violentur
	imperfect	violārer	violārēris, violārēre		violārētur	violārēmur	violārēminī		violārentur
	perfect	violātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	violātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	violā		—	—	violāte		—
active	future	—	violātō		violātō	—	violātōte		violantō
passive	present	—	violāre		—	—	violāminī		—
passive	future	—	violātor		violātor	—	—		violantor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		violāre		violārī		violāns		—
future		violātūrum esse		violātum īrī		violātūrus		violandus
perfect		violāvisse, violāsse³		violātum esse		—		violātus
future perfect		—		violātum fore		—		—
perfect potential		violātūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		violandī	violandō		violandum	violandō	violātum		violātū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²Old Latin.
³At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

Descendants

Catalan: violar
→ English: violate
French: violer
Galician: violar
Italian: violare
Piedmontese: violé
Portuguese: violar
Romanian: viola
Sicilian: viulari
Spanish: violar

References

“violo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“violo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
violo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to break one's word: fidem laedere, violare, frangere
- to break one's oath: iusiurandum violare
- to profane sacred rites: sacra polluere et violare
- to break a truce: indutias violare
- to violate the law of nations: ius gentium violare
- to violate a treaty, terms of alliance: foedus frangere, rumpere, violare

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 680

Portuguese

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violar

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbjolo/ [ˈbjo.lo]
Rhymes: -olo
Syllabification: vio‧lo

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violar

[1] violo in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

[2] violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

[3] violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 680

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