surgir

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin surgere (“to get up, arise”). Doublet of sourdre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /syʁ.ʒiʁ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

surgir

1. (intransitive) to emerge or appear; to crop up
2. (intransitive) to arise or stand up

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of surgir (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	surgir
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	surgissant /syʁ.ʒi.sɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		surgi /syʁ.ʒi/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	surgis /syʁ.ʒi/	surgis /syʁ.ʒi/	surgit /syʁ.ʒi/	surgissons /syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/	surgissez /syʁ.ʒi.se/	surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/
	imperfect	surgissais /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/	surgissais /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/	surgissait /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/	surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/	surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/	surgissaient /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/
	past historic2	surgis /syʁ.ʒi/	surgis /syʁ.ʒi/	surgit /syʁ.ʒi/	surgîmes /syʁ.ʒim/	surgîtes /syʁ.ʒit/	surgirent /syʁ.ʒiʁ/
	future	surgirai /syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/	surgiras /syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/	surgira /syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/	surgirons /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/	surgirez /syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/	surgiront /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	surgirais /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/	surgirais /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/	surgirait /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/	surgirions /syʁ.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/	surgiriez /syʁ.ʒi.ʁje/	surgiraient /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/	surgisses /syʁ.ʒis/	surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/	surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/	surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/	surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/
	imperfect2	surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/	surgisses /syʁ.ʒis/	surgît /syʁ.ʒi/	surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/	surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/	surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	surgis /syʁ.ʒi/	—	surgissons /syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/	surgissez /syʁ.ʒi.se/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Further reading

• “surgir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin surgere (“to get up, to arise”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suɦˈʒi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suɦˈʒi(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /suɾˈʒi(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suʁˈʒi(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /suɻˈʒi(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /suɾˈʒiɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /suɾˈʒiɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /suɾˈʒi.ɾi/

Verb

surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgi, past participle surgido)

1. to arise, to emerge
2. to appear

   Synonyms: aparecer, exsurgir

Conjugation

    Conjugation of surgir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	surgir
Personal	surgir	surgires	surgir	surgirmos	surgirdes	surgirem
Gerund
	surgindo
Past participle
Masculine	surgido			surgidos
Feminine	surgida			surgidas
Indicative
Present	surjo	surges	surge	surgimos	surgis	surgem
Imperfect	surgia	surgias	surgia	surgíamos	surgíeis	surgiam
Preterite	surgi	surgiste	surgiu	surgimos	surgistes	surgiram
Pluperfect	surgira	surgiras	surgira	surgíramos	surgíreis	surgiram
Future	surgirei	surgirás	surgirá	surgiremos	surgireis	surgirão
Conditional	surgiria	surgirias	surgiria	surgiríamos	surgiríeis	surgiriam
Subjunctive
Present	surja	surjas	surja	surjamos	surjais	surjam
Imperfect	surgisse	surgisses	surgisse	surgíssemos	surgísseis	surgissem
Future	surgir	surgires	surgir	surgirmos	surgirdes	surgirem
Imperative
Affirmative		surge	surja	surjamos	surgi	surjam
Negative (não)		não surjas	não surja	não surjamos	não surjais	não surjam

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin surgere (“to get up, arise”). Cognate with English surge and source.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /suɾˈxiɾ/ [suɾˈxiɾ]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: sur‧gir

Verb

surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgí, past participle surgido)

1. (intransitive) to arise, emerge, surface, crop up, spring up, pop up
2. (intransitive) to appear

   Synonym: aparecer

3. (intransitive) to grow out of, to come from, arise from (followed by de)
4. to advance, ascent, rise (move up socially or professionally)

   Synonyms: trepar, escalar, subir

Conjugation

    Conjugation of surgir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			surgir
gerund			surgiendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		surgido		surgida
		plural		surgidos		surgidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	surjo	surgestú surgísvos	surge	surgimos	surgís	surgen
	imperfect	surgía	surgías	surgía	surgíamos	surgíais	surgían
	preterite	surgí	surgiste	surgió	surgimos	surgisteis	surgieron
	future	surgiré	surgirás	surgirá	surgiremos	surgiréis	surgirán
	conditional	surgiría	surgirías	surgiría	surgiríamos	surgiríais	surgirían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	surja	surjastú surjásvos2	surja	surjamos	surjáis	surjan
	imperfect (ra)	surgiera	surgieras	surgiera	surgiéramos	surgierais	surgieran
	imperfect (se)	surgiese	surgieses	surgiese	surgiésemos	surgieseis	surgiesen
	future1	surgiere	surgieres	surgiere	surgiéremos	surgiereis	surgieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		surgetú surgívos	surja	surjamos	surgid	surjan
	negative		no surjas	no surja	no surjamos	no surjáis	no surjan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of surgir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive surgir
	dative	surgirme	surgirte	surgirle, surgirse	surgirnos	surgiros	surgirles, surgirse
	accusative	surgirme	surgirte	surgirlo, surgirla, surgirse	surgirnos	surgiros	surgirlos, surgirlas, surgirse
with gerund surgiendo
	dative	surgiéndome	surgiéndote	surgiéndole, surgiéndose	surgiéndonos	surgiéndoos	surgiéndoles, surgiéndose
	accusative	surgiéndome	surgiéndote	surgiéndolo, surgiéndola, surgiéndose	surgiéndonos	surgiéndoos	surgiéndolos, surgiéndolas, surgiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative surge
	dative	súrgeme	súrgete	súrgele	súrgenos	not used	súrgeles
	accusative	súrgeme	súrgete	súrgelo, súrgela	súrgenos	not used	súrgelos, súrgelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative surgí
	dative	surgime	surgite	surgile	surginos	not used	surgiles
	accusative	surgime	surgite	surgilo, surgila	surginos	not used	surgilos, surgilas
with formal second-person singular imperative surja
	dative	súrjame	not used	súrjale, súrjase	súrjanos	not used	súrjales
	accusative	súrjame	not used	súrjalo, súrjala, súrjase	súrjanos	not used	súrjalos, súrjalas
with first-person plural imperative surjamos
	dative	not used	surjámoste	surjámosle	surjámonos	surjámoos	surjámosles
	accusative	not used	surjámoste	surjámoslo, surjámosla	surjámonos	surjámoos	surjámoslos, surjámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative surgid
	dative	surgidme	not used	surgidle	surgidnos	surgíos	surgidles
	accusative	surgidme	not used	surgidlo, surgidla	surgidnos	surgíos	surgidlos, surgidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative surjan
	dative	súrjanme	not used	súrjanle	súrjannos	not used	súrjanles, súrjanse
	accusative	súrjanme	not used	súrjanlo, súrjanla	súrjannos	not used	súrjanlos, súrjanlas, súrjanse

Derived terms

• surgidero
• surgidor
• surgimiento

 

Related terms

• resurgir
• surgencia
• surto

 

Further reading

• “surgir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28