kustēt

Latvian

Etymology

From an older infinitive *kusēt, originally the iterative form of an older verb *kust (“to stir, to move”) (from which the t, especially from the third-person form, also kust, was transferred to *kusēt, yielding kustēt) — which has disappeared, perhaps because of homophony with kust (“to melt, to become soft, liquid”) and kust (“to grow tired, weak”), all ultimately from the same original stem —, from Proto-Baltic *kuš-, from Proto-Indo-European *kewḱ-, *kuḱ- (“to boil, to run over, to effervesce, to ferment”), from the stem *ḱew-, *kew- (“to swell”). The original meaning of kustēt referred thus to movement related to boiling, foaming, or fermenting, which was analogically extended to the movements of little animals and insects (“to teem”), later to those of other animals (cf. kustonis “animal,” originally “insect”), and finally to motion in general. Cognates include dialectal Latvian kuštė́ti (“to move”), kùšti (“to twist, to stir, to move suddenly”), kušė́ti (“to swarm, to teem, to move around”), Russian куше́ть (kušétʹ, “to teem, to swarm”), Ancient Greek κυκάω (kukáō, “to stir up, to mix”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kustɛ̂ːt]

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

kustēt (intransitive, 3rd conjugation, present kustu, kusti, kust, past kustēju)

1. (of living beings) to move (to go from one place to another)

   kust (= kustas) kā ūdenszāle ― he moves like seaweed (= he is very active, moves around a lot)

   viņš nepavisam necentās pielāgoties Birutas žiglajam solim, nē, viņš tikko kustēja ― he did not really try to adapt to Biruta's quick pace, no, he just moved (slowly)

   šoseja mirdz blāvi, un tālumā pa to kust cilvēku bariņš ― the highway had a dull shine, and in the distance a group of people moved on it

   viņam tīk iegriezties mazo upīšu krastmalās, kur zem kārklu cera augusta pievakarē sāk kustēt vēži ― he liked to go to the banks of small rivers, where under the willow trees, in the late afternoon, the crayfish started moving (around)

2. (of living beings, their body parts) to move (to change position or state, especially several times, in different directions)

   suns pieplok pie zemes, uzliek purnu uz ķepām un raugās augšup lūdzēja acīm, tikai pats astes galiņš kust kā pele ― the dog sat down on the ground, putting his muzzle between his paws and looking up in his benefactor's eyess, only the tip of his tail moves (= wags) like a mouse

   viņš it kā sastingst, vaigos kust muskuļi, roku pirksti savelkas un atlaižas zem jaunā uzvalka piedurknēm ― he is as if frozen, in his cheeks the muscles move, his fingers (are) tightened and sprawl out under the sleeves of (his) new suit

3. (of vehicles) to move (to go somewhere, in some direction, usually slowly)

   labības kombains un citi lauku tehnikas milzeņi nevar kustēt bez degvielas sūkņiem ― the grain harvester and other agricultural machinery cannot move without fuel pumps

4. to move (to be made to change position or state, especially several times)

   vējā kust koku zari ― the tree branches move (= sway) in the wind

   strauta apakšā kust zāles, aizpeld sīks knislis, zivtiņa vai kukainis, aizzib un pazūd ― at the bottom of the stream (aquatic) herbs are moving, small midges, little fish or insects, swim around, flash away and disappear

   bērzos ne pūsmas, ne vēsmas; ne lapa kust, ne smilga ligojas ― in the birch trees, not a blow, not a breeze; not a (single) leaf moves, not a (single) blade of grass sways

   kad strazdi dzied un purvos vardes kurkst, tad iesāk arī koku dzīslās kustēt saldās asinis ― when the blackbirds sing and the frogs croak in the swamps, then sweet blood begins to move (= flow) in the tree veins

Usage notes

The reflexive form kustēties is the usual way of saying “to move” in Latvian. The non-reflexive kustēt, though possible, is much less frequent. The same is true for the derived prefixed verbs (e.g., pakustēties is more frequent than pakustēt, etc.), so much that sometimes only the reflexive form exists (e.g., sakustēties).

Conjugation

conjugation of kustēt

	INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme)				IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme)
		Present (tagadne)	Past (pagātne)	Future (nākotne)
1st pers. sg.	es	kustu	kustēju	kustēšu	—
2nd pers. sg.	tu	kusti	kustēji	kustēsi	kusti
3rd pers. sg.	viņš, viņa	kust	kustēja	kustēs	lai kust
1st pers. pl.	mēs	kustam	kustējām	kustēsim	kustēsim
2nd pers. pl.	jūs	kustat	kustējāt	kustēsiet, kustēsit	kustiet
3rd pers. pl.	viņi, viņas	kust	kustēja	kustēs	lai kust
RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme)			PARTICIPLES (divdabji)
Present	kustot		Present Active 1 (Adj.)		kustošs
Past	esot kustējis		Present Active 2 (Adv.)		kustēdams
Future	kustēšot		Present Active 3 (Adv.)		kustot
Imperative	lai kustot		Present Active 4 (Obj.)		kustam
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme)			Past Active		kustējis
Present	kustētu		Present Passive		kustams
Past	būtu kustējis		Past Passive		kustēts
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme)			NOMINAL FORMS
Indicative	(būt) jākust		Infinitive (nenoteiksme)		kustēt
Conjunctive 1	esot jākust		Negative Infinitive		nekustēt
Conjunctive 2	jākustot		Verbal noun		kustēšana

Derived terms

prefixed verbs:

• aizkustēt
• atkustēt
• izkustēt
• nokustēt
• pakustēt

other derived terms:

• kustēties
• kustība
• kustīgs, kustīgums
• kustonis