km

(transitive) to complete
(transitive) to total, to sum up to
- c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 127–128:
  
  km.n.n sfḫjw-djw ḥfꜣw m msw.j ḥnꜥ snw.j
  We totalled seventy-five snakes, comprising my children along with my siblings.

Inflection

Conjugation of km (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: km, geminated stem: kmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
km	kmw, km	kmt	km, j.km	km, j.km

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
km	ḥr km	m km	r km

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	km.n	kmw, km	consecutive	km.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	km.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	kmt
perfective³	km	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	km.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	km, j.km¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	km.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	km	kmm	potentialis¹	km.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	km	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	km, j.km¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	km.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	km	active + .tj¹, .tw²	km	kmm, kmmj⁶, km², kmw^{2 5}, kmy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.km¹, km, kmy, kmw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.km¹, j.kmw^{1 5}, km, kmj⁶, kmy⁶	km, kmw⁵
prospective	km, kmtj⁷	—	kmtj⁴, kmt⁴

¹ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
² Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
³ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
⁴ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. ⁵ Only in the masculine singular.
⁶ Only in the masculine.
⁷ Only in the feminine.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *ḥam- (“to be black”). Cognates include Hadiyya heem- (“to be black”).

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈkuːmaw/ → /ˈkuːmaw/ → /ˈkuːmə/ → /keːm/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɛm/
- Conventional anglicization: kem

Adjective

perfective active participle of kmm: black

Inflection

Declension of km (perfective active participle)
	masculine	feminine
singular	km	kmt
dual	kmwj	kmtj
plural	kmw	kmwt¹, kmt²

¹ Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
² From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Alternative forms

See the ‘Alternative forms’ section under the main verb.

Derived terms

See the ‘Derived terms’ section under the main verb.

Descendants

Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲁⲙⲉ (khame), ⲭⲉⲙⲓ (khemi)
Fayyumic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲙⲓ (kemi), ⲕⲉⲙ (kem)
Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲁⲙⲉ (kame), ⲕⲙⲙⲉ (kmme), ⲕⲁⲙ (kam)

References

Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 286
James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 316.