jtn

See also: JTN and Jtn

Egyptian

m

the disc of any celestial body, including the sun, the moon, the stars, and the planets
the Aten; the disc of the sun in particular, often as the manifestation of the solar god
- c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 19–20:
  
  šnwt n(j) jṯn ẖr sḫrw.f mḥ(y)t jtr(w) nwy ḫt n(j) ꜥnḫ rnp(w)t nbt
  What the sun disk encircles is under his directions, the north wind, the river, and water, grain and all fresh plants.

Declension of jtn (masculine)

3-lit.

(transitive) to set oneself against, to oppose
- c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.1–2.2:
  
  (j)m ꜥꜣ jb.k ḥr ḫpš m ḥr(j) jb ḏꜣmw.k zꜣw jtn.k
  Don’t grow arrogant (lit. don’t make your heart big) on account of (your) strength in the midst of your cohort, lest you be challenged.
(transitive) to contradict

Conjugation of jtn (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jtn, geminated stem: jtnn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jtn	jtnw, jtn	jtnt	jtn	jtn

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jtn	ḥr jtn	m jtn	r jtn

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jtn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	jtn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jtn	jtn, jtnw⁵, jtny⁵
imperfective	jtn, jtny, jtnw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jtn, jtnj⁶, jtny⁶	jtn, jtnw⁵
prospective	jtn, jtntj⁷	—	jtntj⁴, jtnt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

f sg proximal demonstrative determiner

Old Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners						pronouns¹	adverbs
number	singular		dual		plural		unmarked
gender	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal to speaker	pn	tn	*jpnj	jptnj, jptntj	jpn	jptn	nn	—
distal	pf	tf	*jpfj	jptfj, jptftj	jpf	jptf	nf	—
proximal to spoken of	pj, pw, p	tj, tw	jpwj	jptwj, jptwtj	jpw	jptw, jptwt	nw	—
vocative	pꜣ	tꜣ	—	—	—	—	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners and pronouns			adverbs
number	singular		plural¹
gender	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal	pn	tn	nn	ꜥn
distal	pf, pfꜣ	tf, tfꜣ	nf, nfꜣ	ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative	pw, pwy	tw, twy	nw	—
anaphoric	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles

	masculine	feminine	plural	adverb
pronoun	pꜣw			dj
determiners and pronouns	pꜣj	tꜣj	nꜣj
possessive determiners¹	pꜣy	tꜣy	nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)	p-n, pꜣ	t-nt, tꜣ	nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ²
indefinite articles	wꜥ²		nhꜣy²
Used with suffix pronouns. Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

von Lieven, Alexandra (2001) “Scheiben am Himmel — Zur Bedeutung von ı͗tn und ı͗tn.t” in Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, volume 29, pages 277–282
Miatello, Luca (2014) “On the Etymology of jtn and the Solar Iconography” in Göttinger Miszellen 242, pages 71–87
James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 457.

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Takács, Gábor (2007) Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, volume 3, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 757, →ISBN