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jpn

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: JPN

Translingual

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Symbol

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jpn

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Japanese.

Egyptian

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Etymology

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Plural form of pn.

Pronunciation

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Determiner

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ip
n

 m pl proximal demonstrative determiner

  1. (Old Egyptian) these, those

Usage notes

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This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner, it follows the noun it describes.

In Old Egyptian it forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative jpf, in which jpn is proximal.

Its use in Middle Egyptian texts is an archaism.

In Old Egyptian this form is also used for the dual. Traditionally this is interpreted as a summary writing of a special dual form *jpnj. An alternative possible interpretation is that there simply was no distinction between the masculine dual and plural demonstrative determiners.

Inflection

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Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
singular dual plural unmarked
masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine
proximal to speaker pn
tn
*jpnj
jptnj, jptntj
jpn
jptn
nn

distal pf
tf
*jpfj
*jptfj, *jptftj
jpf
jptf
nf

proximal to spoken of pj, pw, p
tj, tw
jpwj
jptwj, jptwtj
jpw
jptw, jptwt
nw

vocative pꜣ
tꜣ




nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
singular plural1
masculine feminine
proximal pn
tn
nn
ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
tf, tfꜣ
nf, nfꜣ
ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative pw, pwy
tw, twy
nw

anaphoric pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
tꜣj
nꜣj
possessive determiners1 pꜣy
tꜣy
nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
t-nt, tꜣ
nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ2
indefinite articles wꜥ2
nhꜣy2

1 Used with suffix pronouns.
2 Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Alternative forms

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Descendants

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  • Old Coptic: ⲉⲓⲡⲛ (eipn)

References

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  • jpn (lemma ID 24430)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 69.13
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 17
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 55.
  • Edel, Elmar (1955-1964) Altägyptische Grammatik, volume 1, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, § 182 et seq., page 83 et seq.
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1929) The Plural and Dual in Old Egyptian, Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, § 59, pages 60–61
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN