User:Sartma/Japanese
Sartma Transliteration
[edit]Accent notation
[edit]- The accented vowel, if present, is marked with an acute accent.
- If the accent falls on a long syllable, it is marked by a circumflex accent (being the circumflex a sequence of high (ˊ) and low (ˋ) tone: óò = ô).
- So-called "double vowels" are treated like two syllables of one short vowel each, so they fall under (1).
Short Vowels
[edit]木 (kí), 気 (ki), 橋 (hashí), 箸 (háshi), 端 (hashi), 心 (kokoró, kokóro), 母 (háha), 父 (chichí, chíchi), 隣 (tonari), 炎 (hónoo, honóo), 亀 (káme), 家 (ié), 男の子 (otokónoko), 貝 (kái), 恋 (kói), 鱏 (éi), 経験値 (kēkénchi), 日本人 (nihonjín) 大学校 (daigákkō), etc.
Long Vowels
[edit]運動会 (undôkai), 鳳凰 (hōô), 経済 (kêzai), ケーキ (kêki), 孝行 (kôkō), 鳳凰を追う王を覆おう！ (hōô o ou ô o ooô!), 先生 (sensê), 例 (rê)、etc.
- Note: the spelling えい can indicate either /ē/ (エー) or /ei/ (エイ). TWe transliterate according to the actual sound. For instance, 赤鱏 (akaei) will be transliterated as akáei, while 水泳 (suiei) will be transliterated as suiē.
Double Vowels
[edit]炎 (hónoo), 覆う (oóu), お姉さん (onéesan), お母さん (okáasan), 素戔嗚 (susanóo), 爺 (jijíi), 婆 (babáa), いい (ìi), 魂 (támashii), etc.
Accents in compounds and suffixed words
[edit]Change in accents in compounds and suffixed words can be marked as follows, if needed:
- Neutralised accents are marked by a dot below the vowel:
- Acquired accents are marked by a vertical zigzag above the vowel (like a bolt, indicating a temporary accentuation):
- 電話番号 (denwa·ba͛ngọ̄) from 電話 (denwa) + 番号 (bangô)
- 番号記号 (bangọ̄·ki͛gō) from 番号 (bangô) + 記号 (kigō)
- 心霊現象 (shinrē·ge͛nshō) from 心霊 (shinrē) + 現象 (genshō)
- 現象空間 (genshō·kū͛kan) from 現象 (genshō) + 空間 (kūkan)
- 電気分析 (dẹnki·bu͛nseki) from 電気 (dénki) + 分析 (bunseki)
- Exception: accents due to the presence of a suffix are indicated by the acute accent (prefixed/suffixed words are considered as one unit). If the original accent of the suffixed word is neutralised, a dot below can be used to show where the accent would normally fall.).
- 自動販売機 (jidō·hanbáiki) from 自動 (jidō) + 販売 (hanbai) + 〜機 (-́ki)
- 電気力 (dẹnkíryoku) from 電気 (dénki) + 〜力 (-́ryoku)
- 社会人 (shạkáijin) from 社会 (shákai) + 〜人 (-́jin)
- 保護者 (họgósha) from 保護 (hógo) + 〜者 (-́sha)
- 保護者会 (hogọshákai) from 保護者 (họgósha) + 〜会 (-́kai)
- 経済史 (kẹ̄záishi) from 保護 (kêzai) + 〜者 (-́shi)
- 記号論 (kigôron) from 記号 (kigō) + 〜論 (-́ron)
- 関数論 (kansụ̂ron) from 関数 (kansû) + 〜論 (-́ron)
- The same vertical zigzag is used when particles cause the accent to fall on the last syllable of the preceding word:
- 花が咲いたのを見て、今年一人でに咲いたと思ってはいけない (haná ga saita͛ no o míte, kotoshi hitorideni saita͛ to omótte wa ikenai.)
Additional accents
[edit]Many Japanese words have more than one accent. When it's necessary to show all accent variations on one word, the following signs can be used:
- Words with MULTIPLE ACCENTS – All accents are marked simultaniusly:
- Words WITH or WITHOUT ACCENT
- On short vowels – a sovrapposition of an acute and a grave accent (ó and ò = o̽):
- On long vowels – a (graphically enjoyable) combination of a circumflex and a macron (ô and ō = o᷉):
- 道場 (do᷉jō) = either dôjō or dōjō
Examples
[edit]Comments to remember
[edit]- Exclamation mark to transliterate marginal cases of final っ.
- Explanation of why the last /o/ in 炎 is a syllable on its own account.
- I didn't read the whole thread, but the reason why 炎 must be transliterated as hónoo and not hónō is very simple: the syllabic breakdown of that word is /ho.no.o/ and not /ho.noo/. This is clear from the different phonetic behaviour when compared with other words ending in -ō (i.e. /-oo/):
- 炎 (hónoo) + 会 (-kai) = 炎会 (honoókai) > /ho.no.ó.kai/
- 運動 (undō) + 会 (-kai) = 運動会 (undôkai) > /uɴ.dóo.kai/
- The suffix 会 (-́kai) forces an accent in the preceding syllable. If 炎 (hónoo) was to be analysed as /hó.noo/, and therefore transliterated hónō, we would expect it to behave like 運動 (undō), becoming 炎会 (honôkai) > /ho.nóo.kai/, but that's not the case. Instead we have 炎会 (honoókai) > /ho.no.ó.kai/, from which we clearly see that the final /o/ is a syllable on its own. — Sartma [16:17, 21 September 2024 (UTC)]
- I didn't read the whole thread, but the reason why 炎 must be transliterated as hónoo and not hónō is very simple: the syllabic breakdown of that word is /ho.no.o/ and not /ho.noo/. This is clear from the different phonetic behaviour when compared with other words ending in -ō (i.e. /-oo/):