User:Helrasincke/Morphology/Danish

Orddannelse - Liste over affikser i det danske sprog

Nominal Affixes

Affix	Funktion	Examples	Oprindelse	N. Germ. cognates	Notes (productive)
-en	Gerund-like centaur nominals (kentaurnominaler)	køben, løben, råben, banden, viden, skrigen, medvirken, rislen, bæven, hvislen, henstillen, mediteren, søgen	North Germanic suffix [Term?], [Term?], spread under influence of German nominalised infinitives		ja
-else	Verbal nouns: nomen actionis, some of which have since developed specific meanings	følelse, forbløffelse, fristelse, forsendelse, ragelse, meddelelse, skrivelse, spøgelse, undtagelse, fordybelse, fornemmelse, værelse, forkølelse	lavtysk -ilsi, -ilso (cite)	-else	nej
-ing	Verbal nouns (nomen actionis): 1) process of an action 2) result or product of an action (sometimes undifferentiated)	deling, kåring, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]	norrønt	-ing, -ing	Variant of -ning before many verb stems ending -l, -n, -r; combines with most verbs, sometimes rarer than equivalent in -else
		mening, forening, stilling, erfaring, ytring, forbedring, foræring, bevikling, hvævling, legering, opsparing, udmunding
	Verbal nouns loaned or formed under influence of: 3) German, Low German; 4) English	ernæring, hindring, madding, næring, regering, [Term?],
		camping, doping, dressing, marketing, smoking (c.f. Smoking), shipping
	5) nouns referring to: people inhabitants	arving, dronning, olding, høvding, hedning, galning, nidding, usling, [Term?]
	6) animals	fjæsing, ising, lemming
		alsing (⇽ Als), falstring (⇽ Falster), skåning (⇽ Skåne), islænding (⇽ Island), færing (⇽ Færøerne), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?])
-ning	1) verbal nouns: nomen actionis, especially carrying out of an action	ridning, regning, bygning, drejning, brydning, forskning, gerning, luftning, oplysning, amning, såning, klapning, malkning, nødning, skydning, holdning	norrønt	-ning, -ning	Combines with most verbs, sometimes rarer than equivalent in -else
	2) composite nouns from verbs	lodtrækning, maskinskrivning				Diderichsen, p33
	3) nouns (rare)	slægtning (⇽ slægt)
-ling	1) nouns denoting (esp. young) people; also siblings (twins, triplets, etc.)	lærling, opkomling, svækling, særling, yndling, yngling, krøbling, pusling
		tvilling, trilling, firling, femling, seksling, syvling
	2) nouns denoting animal young, small animals	grævling, gæsling, hvilling, hvilling, kutling, kylling, ælling, musling, killing
	3) nouns loaned or formed under influence of German and Low German	vælling, stikling (⇽ Steckling ⇽ stecken), syrling (⇽ syr, c.f. Säuerling ⇽ sauer), [Term?], [Term?]			rare, unproductive
-ende	1) verbal nouns 2) nouns (rare, non productive)	foregivende, forehavende, udseende, velgående, tilgodehavende, jordtilliggende, sigende	?	-ande	især i nogle dialekter
		tidende, tit, tiende, [Term?], søskende, [Term?]
-eri	Verbal nouns: nomen actionis, usually an enterprise or vocation but sometimes also an activity or result	vaskeri, tyveri, bryggeri, terperi, [Term?], [Term?]	lavtysk -erîe, -erie or -erie (cite)
	nouns from other nouns	[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
	Subject, vocation, enterprise (or place where such is practiced)	bageri, røgeri, slagteri, trykkeri, bryggeri, fiskeri, byggeri, bogholderi, gæstgiveri, rederi, mejeri, raffinaderi, stenhuggeri, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
mager-i	trades	skomageri, urmageri, pottemageri, buntmageri, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
		kurmageri, projektmageri, frasemageri, fidusmageri, bluffmageri, versemageri, [Term?]
	a product or work area	broderi, lingeri, maleri, [Term?], [Term?]
-er1 /ʌ/	nomen agentis: 1) animate agents from verbs 2) inanimate agents from verbs 3) agents from nouns	slagter, maler, lærer, murer, sanger, sejler, digter, dommer, jæger, klokker		c.f. da: -er2, -ier, -ner
		bagagebærer, øloplukker, fryser, damper, råber, viser, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
		skuespiller (⇽ skuespil), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?])
	4) clippings designating places where a certain activity occurs	bygger (⇽ byggelegeplads), børner (⇽ børnehave), døgner (⇽ døgnkiosk), fjerner (⇽ fjernsyn), fritter (⇽ fritidshjem), svømmer (⇽ svømmehal), vugger (⇽ vuggestue)
	5) nouns designating an action of short duration	griner, krammer, kigger, lytter, ommer, opstrammer, opfrisker, slapper, vasker, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-er2 /ˈeˀɐ̯/	nomen agentis loaned or formed under influence of French, sometimes via other Germanic languages	officer, musketer, juveler, kurer, grenader, brigader, barber, morter	-ier, -ārius
-sel	Verbal nouns	færdsel, fødsel, fængsel, advarsel, [Term?], [Term?]		related to da: -else
-ion	Nouns (classical borrowings)	legion, religion, opinion, union, region, [Term?]Category:Danish terms suffixed with -ion			Relatively small number compared with -tion and variants
-tion	Verbal nouns for classical borrowings	aktion, diktion, lotion, motion, ration, stationCategory:Danish terms suffixed with -tion	latin		Often but not always the classical verb was also borrowed and so the word-forming processes can still be observed e.g. information (⇽ informere), abdikation (⇽ abdicere),
-ation (-tion)		deklaration, evaporation, fermentation, gratulation, invitation, information, klassifikation, abdikation, modulation, notation, operation
-ition (-tion)		kondition, position, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-sion (-tion)		eksplosion, refleksion, læsion, konversion, fusion, perversion
-ssion (-tion)		diskussion, depression, kompression, aggression, digression, fission, session, mission, profession
-hed	nouns from adjectives	dumhed, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-inde	feminising suffix	[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-isme	abstract nouns from nouns, adjectives	[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-ist		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-itet (-icitet, -ositet, -øsitet)	nouns from adjectives	intensitet, [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-me	nouns from adjectives	sødme, fedme, rødme, selvfedme, restsødme, [Term?]
Root derivation (rodafledning)		drab (⇽ dræbe), [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]

Adjectival Affixes

Affix	Funktion	Examples	Oprindelse	N. Germ. cognates	Notes (productive)
-al		gymnasial, verbal, nominal, normal, [Term?], [Term?]
'-agtig	adjectives	blåagtig, dameagtig, forårsagtig, hverdagsagtig, [Term?], [Term?]	lavtysk -achtich, -hachtich		stress on initial element
-'agtig		barnagtig, grinagtig, nøjagtig, fejlagtig, fordelagtig, løgnagtig, pinagtig			stress on suffix -ágtig
-bar		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-iv		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-lig		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-som		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-dom		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-dømme		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-vælde		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-asteni		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-ese		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-itis		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-lepsi		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-ose		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-en	(chemistry) ≠ -an	[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-en	adjectives from verbs	[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-ende	1) present participles 2) ordinal numbers	[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]

Verbal affixes

Affix	Funktion	Examples	Oprindelse	N. Germ. cognates	Notes (productive)
-e		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-ere		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
-isere		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]
		[Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?], [Term?]

Other derivation types

Other derivation types

Affix	Funktion	Examples	Oprindelse	N. Germ. cognates	Notes (productive)
Root derivation (rodafledning)		drab (⇽ dræbe), sang (⇽ synge), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?]), [Term?] (⇽ [Term?])
at + infinitive	At infinitives can function as nominals

Kilde

</references>

• Diderichsen, Paul (1962) Elementær Dansk Grammatik, Third edition, Gyldendal

https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/nominalisering

https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/verbalsubstantiv

https://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/artikler-mv/svarbase/SV00000067

se også (norsk): https://godtigang.com/oppgaver/grammatikk-kap-14-06/

suffiks -ende: https://bibliotek.dk/da/work/870971-tsart:83149337

https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/verbalsubstantiver(e9ddf2d3-0775-4014-829d-bc5c6c793a13).html

Ruth Feil, Funktionsverber i det danske sprog (download: https://tidsskrift.dk/nsil/article/download/19636/17256)