User:DDG9912

id-N	Pengguna ini merupakan penutur asli bahasa Indonesia.

en-4	This user has near native speaker knowledge of English.

fr-1	Cet utilisateur dispose de connaissances de base en français.

bjn-1	Pamakai ngini baisi ilmu pandal gasan Bahasa Banjar.

This is basically the new account of DanielWhernchend (and now the main account). See also my userpage at English Wikipedia.

I normally only speak Indonesian, also understand some Banjarese (the closest to Indonesian). I have been unable to speak any regional language (this phenomenon is also common in parts of Indonesia). There's nothing unique in the general accent of Samarinda, since it have become very similar to that of Jakarta (or Betawi). Although bungul (“dumb”) does exist in Banjarese (and used in Samarinda), the synonymous term bongol also occurs in Jakarta. We can blame Jakarta-centrism for this, or the failure to introduce local terms.

I don't know why words for "dandruff" in many languages have obscure etymology. Contrary to the popular belief, colloquial Indonesian (< Betawi) is not always very innovative, since it retains old Proto-Malayic final syllable *-eC instead of -aC (malem ~ malam, a conservative feature!).

Vulgarities > interjections > emotive particles > negators (see also aggressive mood in Finnish).

I would like to adapt French croissant into Indonesian as *kuasang or *kruasang rather than as existing kroisan (a spelling pronunciation).

The word revert is an example of a skunked term. I always interpret unstressed /ə/ in English as [ɐ]. That's why, Indonesian Anne reinterpreted in English and again in Indonesian, would become /ˈena/.

DDG 9912

My speech

I pronounce terus as /ˈtarus/.
I frequently lower /i/ and /u/ to /e/ and /o/.
kayak gitu → *kéitu or *kétu.
aku → *au (similar to Toba Batak ahu).
ya → variably yo, yodah, *eudah, *edah, yaudah, *ya(d)dah, dah, and da (a false cognate of Russian да (da)).
lagi → *agi.
jangan → *jan.
I often have liaison, e.g. kulit ubi (/ˈkuli ˈtubi/)
I almost always pronounce pepet and lemper as /ˈpɛpɛt/ and /ˈlɛmpɛr/, not as original /'pəpət/ replace ' with ˈ, invalid IPA characters (') and /'ləmpər/ replace ' with ˈ, invalid IPA characters (') (partially due to difficulty of pronouncing schwas in disyllabic words).
- In general, the merger of /ə/ to /e/, while being common in North Sumatra and eastern Indonesia, it is still sporadic in standard Indonesian (e.g. terong and esa).

My English pronunciation

Non-rhotic accent.
Vowel mergers:
- Inconsistent near and square as /ɛː/ (unusual outcome).
- mouth and start as /ɑː/.
can as /kæn/ and can't as /kɑːn(t)/.

How most Indonesians pronounce English words

Lack of vowel length.
/æ/ → /ɛ/.
/eɪ/, /oʊ/ → /e/, /o/.
Final obstruent devoicing.
Rhotic accent, unlike as in neighbouring Malaysia or Singapore.
Yod coalescence, sometimes occuring before /u/.
/ð/, /θ/ → /d/, /t/.
Confusion of /v/ and /f/, shared with Dutch English and some Dutch dialects (including Afrikaans).
Occasional omission of plurals, including -s (similar to spoken French), a Southeast Asian areal feature.
/iː/, /uː/ → sporadically /e/, /o/ due to written Dutch influence, although no one in the Netherlands pronounce English words this way (these are always pronounced /i, u/).

Spelling variations in Indonesian names

Use of Dutch digraphs, such as ch, sj, oe, and ie, due to the influence of Van Ophuijsen spelling.
Doubled letters, which are actually pronounced as single.
Other silent letters, such as h after consonants or in few other cases, t (as in my name Danisht) or c (as in Priscilla).
- Shabrina is an unique case, -h- was added to original Sabrina due to folk etymology. However, sh- can be pronounced either as /s/ or /ʃ/.
Variation between -y- ~ -w- and -i- ~ -u-, especially when adjacent to vowels and being word-finally.
Eccentric letters, including c ~ q ~ k, x ~ ks.

Other notes on Indonesian names

Indonesian modern naming customs have more similarities with those in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, particularly southern Europe and the Levant. Dutch and English, also influence the naming occasionally.
Emily is rarely used in Indonesia (with notable exception of Emily Laras, the name of an Indonesian celebrity popular in early 2010s), and the Latinate version Emilia (from Italy or Spain) serves instead. Charlotte and Marilou are extremely rare too.
- That's why Indonesians would prefer Italian or Spanish names instead of French ones.
The reason why there are only few "very popular" names in Indonesia, it is because many of the younger people have irregular spellings on their names (see above), rendered as distinct names.
Southern Romance (incl. Spanish and Italian) name suffixes -iana, -ina and -ita are common in female names.
Note that full names are mostly only stressed on the first name. Indonesian names are in fact treated as a single name.
Muhammad is technically a name prefix in Indonesian, if there is such, then the person is called with the following names onwards.
Azzahra is such a confusing name. Unlike surnames, it is not an inherited name, but it most often placed last (or second) to female names, making it a special case of epithet. Other cases include Ramadhani.

Such names may become proper surnames if it is inherited by their children, similar to the case of Angelina Jolie (the original surname was removed, and her second name became a surname, inherited by her children).

Possible Italo-Indonesian surnames:
- Casanova (“new house”)

Grammatical notes

medok specifically refers to the Javanese use of breathy voice after historic voiced consonants (as in baku [b̥a̤ku]).
I think, the lowercase forms of proper nouns (e.g. bali, madura, india) should be classified as adjectives, since when affixed still remain lowercase (jawa → kejawaan). Please note that these are not used to refer to people, language, nationality, or culture; but instead only for animals, plants, or objects (the example jeruk bali is correct, but orang bali is incorrect).
- In most European and Central Asian languages (exceptions: Turkish, Dutch, English), there are not just consistently lowercase demonyms, but also lowercase month and day names. Turkish and Dutch usually (but not always) have such month-day names.
"No grammatical adjectives in Indonesian" is wrong.
Profanities in Indonesian have increasingly evolved into modal particles. For example anjing (“dog, motherfucker”) → njir, a particle expressing amazement or disgust, the same also occurs in jancok (“damn”) → cok. These are very common in the speech of younger Indonesians.
- Most profanities have only the meaning of either "damn" or "fuck". As in other languages, their usage tends to be highly stigmatized by older people.
Indonesian, just like Malay, have been affected by Southeast Asian linguistic area, and thus becoming increasingly analytic. Tones, however, are non-existent in both languages. However, both are influenced by Chinese, rather than being mutual influences. Tagalog (or Filipino) is unaffected due to its highly conservative grammar relative to other Austronesian languages.

Miscellaneous

The meanings of the word manset (“manchette”) have evolved unusually rapid. I don't really understand how its meaning changed from "cuff" to "spandex". For convenience, I would use manchette /mɒŋˈʃɛt/ instead.
There are several dialects of Indonesian, acceptable groups are the already heterogeneous Eastern dialects (including Makassar, Kupang, Manado, Ambon, and Jayapura), Jakarta dialect, and Medan dialect; many others, however, are still unclear.
Apocopic country names Singapur, Itali, and Australi are from French Singapour, Italie, and Australie; while Amrik is from Arabic أَمْرِيكَا (ʔamrīkā).

Indonesian recension of Arabic

ا (’alif) and ع (‘ayn) merge into /ʔ/
ح (ḥā’) and ه (hā’) merge into /h/
ك (kāf) and ق (qāf) merge into /k/
غ (ġayn) is pronounced as /ɡ/

Notable Indonglish words

Indonglish refers to macaronic Indonesian and English, also known as bahasa Jaksel (South Jakarta language) or bahasa kentut (fart language).

jujurly: From jujur (“honest”) + -ly. The correct English term is honestly.
unfaedah: From un- + faedah (“benefit”).

Substrate words in East Kalimantan

(Possibly)

Tenggarong Kutai Malay lamin, from Greater North Borneo *lamin "room of a house". In some languages, its sense has evolved into "a house", while it was later narrowed into "the traditional longhouse of East Kalimantan" in Indonesian.
long, or less commonly lung (only in Lung Anai) and olung (Paser only), from Greater North Borneo *əluŋ "estuary". Equivalent to Indonesian muara, and all of these can be found in toponyms.

Both words can be also found in Kenyah languages. Despite Kenyah people can be found in villages like Pampang (North Samarinda), Sungai Bawang (Muara Badak), or Lung Anai (Loa Janan), actually close to the coast, they are actually product of migrations in late 20th century, and not a relict population.

Malaysian in Bengali script

Rare, only used in some teaching materials for expatriate Bangladeshis. This is idiosyncratic.

Standalone	আ	ই	উ	এ	ও
Diacritic	া	ি	ু	ে	ো
Latin	a	i	u	e	o

Unlike in Bengali, Malaysian has no inherent vowel (only used for dead consonants). Thus, কা is transliterated as ka, but ক is always k.
As in Latin script, it often lacks distinction between /e/ and /ə/. However, some examples use আ for /ə/ instead.

Bengali	ক	গ	ঙ/ং	চ	ছ	জ	ঞ
Latin	k	g	ng	c	s	j	ny
Bengali	ট/ত	ড/দ	ন	প	ব	ম	র
Latin	t	d	n	p	b	m	r
Bengali	ল	স	হ
Latin	l	sy	h

As in Assamese, both retroflex and dental consonants are pronounced the same. However, the usage rules of both series are still very unclear.

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