Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kap-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology 1

Not to be confused with Proto-Turkic *kāp (“sack”), *kāpla- (“to surround, cover”) (Turkmen gāplamak). (See also *topïk)

Compare Proto-Mongolic *kaxa- (“to hinder, close”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

*kap-

1. (transitive) to close

   Synonyms: *yap- (“to close”), *yum- (“to close (eyes, mouth)”)

   Antonym: *ač- (“to open”)

Derived terms

• *kap-gak (“cap, cover”)
• *kap-gan (“trap”)
• *kap-ïg (“gate, door”)
• *kap-ïr-čak (“box, coffin; basket”)
• *kap-sa (“gate”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хуп (hup)
• Common Turkic:
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: قَاپَامَقْ (qapamaq)
      • Azerbaijani: qapamaq
      • Gagauz: kapamaa
      • Ottoman Turkish: قاپامق (kapamak)
        • Turkish: kapamak
    • Turkmen: gapmak (dialect)

Etymology 2

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kabči- (“to pinch, squeeze, grasp; to hold”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

*kap-

1. to snatch, take
2. to bite

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хып (hyp)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: قَاپْمَقْ (qapmaq)
    • Azerbaijani: qapmaq
    • Gagauz: kapmaa
    • Ottoman Turkish: قاپمق (kapmak)
      • Turkish: kapmak
  • Turkmen: gapmak
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (qap-)
    • Uzbek: qopmoq
    • Uyghur: [script needed] (qapmaq)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: [script needed] (qap-)
    • Tatar: [script needed] (qap-)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: [script needed] (qap-)
    • Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (qap-)
    • Karaim: [script needed] (qap-)
    • Kumyk: [script needed] (qap-)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: [script needed] (qap-)
      • Kazakh: қапу (qapu)
      • Nogai: [script needed] (qap-)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: кабуу (kabuu)
      • Southern Altai: кабар (kabar, “to grasp, catch, take”)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: [script needed] (kap-)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kap-)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: хап (qap)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tofa: [script needed] (qa'p-)
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: [script needed] (xap-)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kap-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill