Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ka-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”), Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”). Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”) (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronoun

*ka-

1. Interrogative stem.

   Synonym: *nē-

Declension

Declension of *ka- (pronominal-n declension)

	Singular
Nominative	*ka
Accusative	*kanï
Genitive	*kanïŋ
Dative	*kaŋa
Locative	*kanta
Ablative	*kantan
Allative 1)	*kaŋaru
Instrumental 1)	*kanïn
Equative 1)	*kanča
Similative 1)	*kanlayu
Comitative 1)	*kanlïgu

1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Descendants

• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)

• Arghu:
  • Arghu: قَنُو (qanū)
    • Khalaj: qânı, qânısı
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: قانسی (qansı)
    • Ajem-Turkic: هانسی (hansı)
      • Azerbaijani: hansı
    • Ottoman Turkish: (Dialectal, Early Ottoman) قانسی (kansı)
  • Salar: gaysı
  • Turkmen: haýsy
  • Old Khalaj: خَيُو (xayū) (11th ce.)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قَيُو (qayū)
    • Chagatai: قَایسی
      • Uyghur: قايسى (qaysi)
      • Uzbek: qaysi
• Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ҡайһы (qayhı)
    • Tatar: кайсы (qaysı)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: qaysı
    • Karachay-Balkar:
    • Karaim:
    • Kumyk:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak:
      • Kazakh: қай (qai), қайсы (qaisy)
      • Nogai:
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysı)
      • Southern Altai: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysï)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰪𐰆 (qńu /⁠qańu⁠/) (Ordu-Balyk/Karabalgasun I)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan:
    • Yakut: хая (qaya)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tofa:
      • Tuvan:
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)
      • Shor: қайзы (qayzï)

• ⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: قنغی (qanğı), قنغیسی (qanğısı)
    • Ajem-Turkic: هانغی (hanğı)
      • Azerbaijani: (Dialectal) hankı
    • Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قنغی (kangı), (Middle Ottoman) هانغی (hangı), خانغی (hangı), (Late Ottoman) هانکی (hangi)
      • Gagauz: hangı, angı
      • Turkish: hangi
• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanta (“where”)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: قانده
• Oghuz:
  • Old Khalaj: خَنْدا (xandā) (11th ce.)
  • Salar: gayda
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قَنْدا (qandā)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: кайда (qayda)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: қайда (qaida)
      • Nogai: кайда (kayda)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: кайда (kayda)
      • Southern Altai: кайда (kayda)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀 (qn¹t¹a)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tuvan: кайда (kayda)
    • Yeniseian Turkic:
      • Northern Altai: кайда (kayda)

• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: qânı
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: قَنى (qanı)
    • Ajem-Turkic: هانی (hanı)
      • Azerbaijani: hanı
    • Ottoman Turkish: (Early Ottoman) قَانی (kanı), (Middle & Late Ottoman) هانی (hani)
      • Turkish: hani
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قَانى, قَنى (qanï)
    • Chagatai: قَنی, qani
      • Uyghur: قېنى (qëni)
      • Uzbek: qani
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i)

• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: qaçân
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: خَاچَانْ (ḫaçan), قَاچَانْ (qaçan)
    • Ajem-Turkic: هاچان (haçan)
      • Azerbaijani: haçan
    • Gagauz: açan
    • Ottoman Turkish: هاچان (haçan), قاچان (kaçan) — early, خاچان (haçan)
      • Turkish: (dialectal) haçan
      • → Armenian: հա՛չան (háčʻan)
  • Salar: gaçañ
  • Turkmen: haçan
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid:
    • Chagatai: قچان (qaçan)
      • Uyghur: قاچان (qachan)
      • Uzbek: qachon
• Kipchak: قایچان (qayçan) (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)
    • Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: қашан (qaşan)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: качан (kacan)
      • Southern Altai: качан (kačan)
• Siberian
  • North Siberian
    • Dolgan: каһан (kahan)
    • Yakut: хаһан (qahan)
  • South Siberian
    • Yenisei
      • Shor: қачан (qačan)
      • Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)
    • Western Yugur: qačan
    • Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)

• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: قنجە (qanca, “when”), قنجارو (qancaru, “where”)
    • Ajem-Turkic: هانجارو (hancaru)
      • Azerbaijani: hancarı, həncəri (“where, how”), hanceri
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid:
    • Chagatai: قانچە (qança, “how much”)
      • Uyghur: قانچە (qanche, “how much”)
      • Uzbek: qancha (“how much”)
• Kipchak:
  • West Kipchak:
    • Karachay-Balkar: къанча (qança, “how much”)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: қанша (qanşa, “how much”)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: канча (kanca, “how much”)
    • Southern Altai: канча (kanča, “how many, how much”)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: [script needed] (qança)
  • Northern Altai: канча (kanča), канджа (kandža)

• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kandïn (“from where?”)
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰦𐰣 (qntn¹)

References

• Rezaei, Mehdi (2018) “Ḳa Zamiri ve Onun Türevleri Hakkında Bazı Tespitler [A Few Points About the Pronoun ka and Its Derivatives]”, in Söylem Filoloji Dergisi‎^[2], volume 3, number 2, pages 272–283
• al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 218, 237
• XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎^[3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
• on Turkbitig.com.