Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/buka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Comparisons with Proto-Mongolic *bugu (“stag”) (Mongolian буга (buga)) or Proto-Slavic *bykъ have been made. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*buka

bull

Declension

Declension of *buka

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*buka
Accusative	bukag, bukanï¹⁾
Genitive	*bukanïŋ
Dative	*bukaka
Locative	*bukada
Ablative	*bukadan
Allative	*bukagaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*bukan
Equative ²⁾	*bukača
Similative ²⁾	*bukalayu
Comitative ²⁾	*bukalïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur: *bïqa
- → Hungarian: bika
Common Turkic: *buka

Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *buɣa
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: بُغه (buğa)
    - Azerbaijani: buğa
    - Ottoman Turkish: بوغا (boğa), بوقا, بوغه, بُغه
      - Gagauz: bua, buha
      - Turkish: boğa
        → Middle Armenian: բուղայ (buġay)
        
        → Armenian: բուղա (buġa), պուղա (puġa) — Western Armenian, բուղայ (buġay) — traditional orthography
  - Turkmen: buga
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: بُقا (buqā)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (buqa)
    - Chagatai: بوقا (buqa)
      - Uyghur: بۇقا (buqa)
      - Uzbek:
        Cyrillic script: буқа (buqa)
        
        Latin script: buqa
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: boga, buga (Codex Cumanicus)
  - Armeno-Kipchak: պուղա (puġa), պուհա (puha)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: Буға (Buğa, “Taurus”) (only in astrology)
    - Tatar:
      - Cyrillic script: бога (boğa)
      - Latin script: boğa
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: buğa
    - Karachay-Balkar: бугъа (buğa)
    - Karaim:
      - Cyrillic script: буха
      - Latin script: buha
    - Kumyk: бугъа (buğa)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Caspian:
      - Kazakh: бұқа (būqa)
      - Karakalpak:
        Cyrillic script: буҳа
        
        Latin script: buha
      - Nogai: буга (buga)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: бука (buka)
      - Southern Altai: бука (buka)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀 (b¹uq̊¹a /⁠buqa⁠/)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (buqa)
    - Western Yugur: buɢa, bəɢa, boɢa
- South Siberian:
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Chulym: пуға
    - Khakas: пуға (puğa)
    - Shor: пуға
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Soyot: буъһа
    - Tofa: буъһа
    - Tuvan: буга (buga)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *buka
- Buryat: буха (buxa)
- Daur: bag
- Dongxiang: bagvachou (with a diminutive suffix)
- East Yugur: pigqa
- Khamnigan Mongol: buxa
- Middle Mongol:
  Hanzi: 補哈 (buqa) (Beilu Yiyu)
  - Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠬ
    ᠠ (buk a)
  - Mongolian: бух (bux) (Khalkha), /bʊxa/ (Ordos)
- Monguor:
  Mangghuer: bugha
  Mongghul: bugha
- → Proto-Tungusic:
  - Evenki: бука (buka)
  - Manchu: ᠪᡠᡴᠠ (buka, “breeding ram”), ᠪᡠᡥᠠ (buha, “beast”)
  - Solon: буха
→ Old East Slavic:
- Belarusian: буга́й (buháj)
- Russian: буга́й (bugáj)
- Ukrainian: буга́й (buháj)
  - → Polish: buhaj, bugaj
  - → Romanian: buhai (“bull; friction drum”)
  - → Yiddish: בוהײַ (buhay)
→ Proto-Iranian: *bukáh
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: бог’ә (boẍe)
- Ossetian: богъ (boǧ), богъа (boǧa)
- Persian: بقّه (boqqa)
  Judeo-Tat: бугъэ (buqə) / buqə
Kartvelian:
- → Georgian: ბუღა (buɣa)
- → Mingrelian: ბუღა (buɣa)
- → Svan: ბუღუ̂ა (buɣûa)
→ Proto-Mordvinic:
- Erzya: бука (buka)
- Moksha: бука (buka)
→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian:
- Proto-Avaro-Andian:
  - Andi: бугъа (buğa)
  - Avar: бугъа́ (buğá)
- Proto-Dargwa:
  - Dargwa: бугъа (buγa)
- Lak: бугъа (buğa)
- Proto-Lezghian:
  - Budukh: бугъа (buğa)
  - Lezgi: быгъа (byġa)
- Proto-Nakh:
  - Chechen: бугӏа (buğa)
  - Ingush: бугӏа (buğa)
- Proto-Tsezian:
  - Bezhta: бугъа (buğa)
  - Hunzib: бугъа (buǧa)
- Udi: бугъа (buɣa)
→ Proto-Northwest Caucasian:
- Ubykh: быгъуы
- → Adyghe: быгъу (bəğʷu)

References

Abajev, V. I. (1958) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 264
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “buka:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 312
Doerfer, Gerhard (1965) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 19)‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 752, page 299
Sevortjan, E. V. (1978) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Nauka, page 231
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*mūk`o ( ~ -u)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill