Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xarъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From earlier *ksārus. Related to *xorъ (“dark, black”), which from Proto-Balto-Slavic *skaras, from Proto-Indo-European *skor-os, from *(s)ker- (“to scrape, to scrub, to clean”).

Adjective

*xarъ^[1]^[2]

gloomy, dark
dilapidated, shabby

Inflection

Indefinite declension of *xarъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*xarъ	*xara	*xaro
genitive	*xara	*xary	*xara
dative	*xaru	*xarě	*xaru
accusative	*xarъ	*xarǫ	*xaro
instrumental	*xaromь	*xarojǫ	*xaromь
locative	*xarě	*xarě	*xarě
vocative	*xare	*xaro	*xaro
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*xara	*xarě	*xarě
genitive	*xaru	*xaru	*xaru
dative	*xaroma	*xarama	*xaroma
accusative	*xara	*xarě	*xarě
instrumental	*xaroma	*xarama	*xaroma
locative	*xaru	*xaru	*xaru
vocative	*xara	*xarě	*xarě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*xari	*xary	*xara
genitive	*xarъ	*xarъ	*xarъ
dative	*xaromъ	*xaramъ	*xaromъ
accusative	*xary	*xary	*xara
instrumental	*xary	*xarami	*xary
locative	*xarěxъ	*xaraxъ	*xarěxъ
vocative	*xari	*xary	*xara

Definite declension of *xarъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*xarъjь	*xaraja	*xaroje
genitive	*xarajego	*xaryję̇	*xarajego
dative	*xarujemu	*xarěji	*xarujemu
accusative	*xarъjь	*xarǫjǫ	*xaroje
instrumental	*xaryjimь	*xarǫjǫ	*xaryjimь
locative	*xarějemь	*xarěji	*xarějemь
vocative	*xarъjь	*xaraja	*xaroje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*xaraja	*xarěji	*xarěji
genitive	*xaruju	*xaruju	*xaruju
dative	*xaryjima	*xaryjima	*xaryjima
accusative	*xaraja	*xarěji	*xarěji
instrumental	*xaryjima	*xaryjima	*xaryjima
locative	*xaruju	*xaruju	*xaruju
vocative	*xaraja	*xarěji	*xarěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*xariji	*xaryję̇	*xaraja
genitive	*xarъjixъ	*xarъjixъ	*xarъjixъ
dative	*xaryjimъ	*xaryjimъ	*xaryjimъ
accusative	*xaryję̇	*xaryję̇	*xaraja
instrumental	*xaryjimi	*xaryjimi	*xaryjimi
locative	*xaryjixъ	*xaryjixъ	*xaryjixъ
vocative	*xariji	*xaryję̇	*xaraja

Derived terms

nouns

*xarobura f
*xarobylьje n

verbs

Related terms

*xorъ (“dark, black”)
- *xorxoriti (“to brag, show off; to be defiant”)
- *xorostь (“beauty, pleasantness; convenience”)
  - *xoroščьnъ (“beautiful; good”)
- *xorovitъ (“beautiful; kind, fine”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: *харъ (*xarŭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: *ха́рый (*xáryj)
    - Ukrainian: (dialectal) ха́рий (xáryj, “nasty, ugly, disgusting”)^[2]
      - ⇒ Ukrainian: харло́ (xarló, “swear word”)^[3]
        ⇒ Ukrainian: харла́ти (xarláty, “steal, appropriate (money)”)
        
        ⇒ Ukrainian: (dialectal) харла́к (xarlák, “poor man, beggar”), харпа́к (xarpák)^[4]^[5]
  - Russian: *ха́рый (*xáryj)
    - ⇒ Russian: (dialectal) ха́ро (xáro, “strongly”)
    - ⇒ Russian: (dialectal) ха́рзина (xárzina, “poor housing”)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: (obsolete) ха́рий (hárij, “faulty”)
  - ⇒ Bulgarian: ста́роха́ро (stároháro, “about an old, decrepit man”)
- ⇒ Slovene: harè n (“jade, nag (old or worn-out horse)”) (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Czech: charý (“gloomy; dilapidated; shabby, ugly”)
  - ⇒ Czech: (dialectal) charuzna (“dilapidated house”)
- ⇒? Middle Polish: charłać, charleć (16ᵗʰ c.)
  - ⇒? Polish: (dated) charłak, chorłak, cherłak, chyrłak (“weakling; poor man, beggar”)

References

^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xarъjь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 21
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 158: “псл. *xarъjь ― psl. *xarʺjʹ”
^ Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харло”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 159
^ Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харлак”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 159
^ Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харпак”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 159