Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/svoboda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

• *sveboda, *svěboda

Etymology

PIE word
*swé

From *svobь, from Proto-Indo-European *swo-bʰo-/*swe-bʰo- (synchronically derived from *svojь), + *-oda. Same extension in Latvian atsvabināt (“to free”), Old Prussian subs, Proto-Germanic *swēbaz m, *sibjō f, Latin Sabīnī, Sabellī, Samnium. For the suffix cf. *agoda.

Noun

*svobodà f

1. freedom

Inflection

Declension of *svobodà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*svobodà	*svȍbodě	*svȍbody
genitive	*svobodý	*svobodù	*svobòdъ
dative	*svobodě̀	*svobodàma	*svobodàmъ
accusative	*svȍbodǫ	*svȍbodě	*svȍbody
instrumental	*svobodojǫ́	*svobodàma	*svobodàmi
locative	*svȍbodě	*svobodù	*svobodàsъ, *svobodàxъ*
vocative	*svobodo	*svȍbodě	*svȍbody

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.

Declension of *svobodà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*svobodà	*svobòdě	*svobodỳ
genitive	*svobodỳ	*svobodù	*svobòdъ
dative	*svobodě̀	*svobodàma	*svobodàmъ
accusative	*svobodǫ̀	*svobòdě	*svobodỳ
instrumental	*svobodòjǫ, *svobòdǫ**	*svobodàma	*svobodàmī
locative	*svobodě̀	*svobodù	*svobodàsъ, *svobodàxъ*
vocative	*svobodo	*svobòdě	*svobodỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *svobodьnъ
• *svoboditi

Related terms

• *svojь, *sebě, *sobojǫ
• *sobь, *soba, *sobьstvo, *sobiti, *osobiti
• *svěně
• *svьstь/*svěstь, *svatъ, *posětiti

Descendants

Some forms feature dissimilation u̯…b > l…b.

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: свобода (svoboda), слобода (sloboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
    • Belarusian: свабо́да (svabóda), слабада́ (slabadá, “a type of settlement”)
    • Russian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
    • Ukrainian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: свобода (svoboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
  • Bulgarian: свобода́ (svobodá)
  • Macedonian: сло́бода (slóboda)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: слобо̀да, свобо̀да

    Latin script: slobòda, svobòda

  • Slovene: svobóda, slobóda, svobọ̑d f, slobọ̑d f
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: svoboda
    • Czech: svoboda
      • Moravian (Mistřice): su̯oboda
  • Old Polish: świeboda
  • Old Slovak: sloboda, svoboda
    • Pannonian Rusyn: шлєбода (šljeboda)
    • Slovak: sloboda
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: swoboda
    • Lower Sorbian: swoboda

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Estonian: vaba
  • → Finnish: vapaa
  • → Ingrian: vappaa
  • → Latvian: svabads
  • → Hungarian: szabad (“free, allowed”)
  • → Romanian: slobod (“free”, adj.)

See also

• *voľa
• *sębrъ

References

• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “свобода”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 148
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “свобода”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “слобода”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Oleg Trubačóv (1959), История славянских терминов родства, page 170f
• August Ahlqvist (1894) August Ahlqvist's Wogulische sprachtexte nebst Entwurf einer wogulischen grammatik aus dem nachlasse des verfassers hrsg, page 36
• Vladimir Žuravljóv (1982) Внешние и внутренние факторы языковой эволюции, page 167, page 166
• Guus Kroonen (2013) “sebjō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429