Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stolъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *stálas (“table; seat, chair”), generally viewed as a derivative of *stati (“to stand”) +‎ *-elъ. Analogous to Proto-Germanic *stōlaz (full-grade), whence Old East Slavic стулъ (stulŭ, “chair”) via Old Norse or early Low German.

In the past, a relation to Proto-Slavic *stelti, *stьlati (“to spread, to lay”) was considered (e.g. by Mladenov, Machek), with possible cognates Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “stone block”), στῦλος (stûlos, “pillar”). Nowadays, usually dismissed.

Noun

*stòlъ m

1. seat (chair or stool)

   Synonyms: *krěslo, *sědědlo

2. table, stall (possibly secondary)
3. throne
4. residence (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

Declension

Declension of *stòlъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*stòlъ	*stolà	*stolì
genitive	*stolà	*stolù	*stòlъ
dative	*stolù	*stolòma	*stolòmъ
accusative	*stòlъ	*stolà	*stolỳ
instrumental	*stolъ̀mь, *stolòmь*	*stolòma	*stòly
locative	*stolě̀	*stolù	*stòlěxъ
vocative	*stole	*stolà	*stolì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

In Czech, Polish:

Declension of *stòlъ (u-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*stòlъ	*stolỳ	*stolòve
genitive	*stolù	*stolòvu	*stolòvъ
dative	*stolòvi	*stòlъma	*stolъ̀mъ
accusative	*stòlъ	*stolỳ	*stolỳ
instrumental	*stolъ̀mь	*stòlъma	*stòlъmī
locative	*stòlu	*stolòvu	*stolъ̀xъ
vocative	*stolu	*stolỳ	*stolòve

Derived terms

• Nouns:
  • *nastolъ (“stall, stand”)
  • *perstolъ (“throne”)
  • *stolę, *stolьčę (diminutive)
  • *stolikъ, *stolьcь (“stool”)
  • *stolìca (“principal site, cathedra”)
  • *stolina (“bench”)
  • *stolьje
    • *zastolьje (“place for seating”)
    • *podъstolьje (“foundation for seating”)
• Adjectives:
  • *stolovъ (relational adjective)
    • *stolovatъ, *stolovatьnъ
    • *stolovitъ
    • *stolovъkъ
    • *stolovьnъ
  • *stolьnъ
    • *stolьnina, *stolьnica (“throneroom, court”)
    • *stolьnikъ (“courtier”)

Related terms

Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂- (0 c, 12 e)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: столъ (stolŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: столъ (stol)
      • Belarusian: стол (stol)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: стул (stul)
      • Ukrainian: стіл (stil)
    • Russian: стол (stol) (see there for further descendants)
      • → Erzya: столь (stoľ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: столъ (stolŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱄⱅⱁⰾⱏ (stolŭ)

  • Bulgarian: стол (stol)
  • Macedonian: стол (stol)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: сто̑л, сто̑

    Latin: stȏl, stȏ

  • Slovene: stȍł (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: stół
  • Old Czech: stól, stół (alternative writing)
    • Czech: stůl
  • Old Polish: stół
    • Polish: stół
    • Silesian: stōł
  • Slovak: stôl
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: stoł
    • Lower Sorbian: stoł

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Albanian: stol
  • → Hungarian: asztal (“table”)
    • → Serbo-Croatian: àstāl / а̀ста̄л

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “стол”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “стол¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 472