Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (“frame, rack, stand”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Lithuanian stalas (“table”), Russian стол (stol, “table”), Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “sile, pillar”), Lithuanian pastoliai (“scaffolding”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔː.lɑz/

Noun

*stōlaz m

1. stool
2. throne
3. chair

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *stōlaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*stōlaz	*stōlōz, *stōlōs
vocative	*stōl	*stōlōz, *stōlōs
accusative	*stōlą	*stōlanz
genitive	*stōlas, *stōlis	*stōlǫ̂
dative	*stōlai	*stōlamaz
instrumental	*stōlō	*stōlamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stōl
  • Old English: stōl
    • Middle English: stool
      • English: stool
      • Scots: stuil, stul, stule
  • Old Frisian: stōl
    • North Frisian: stuul, stölj, Stuul
    • Saterland Frisian: Stoul
    • West Frisian: stoel
  • Old Saxon: stōl
    • Middle Low German: stôl
      • German Low German: Stohl (also Münsterländisch), Stauhl (Paderbornisch), Staul (Sauerländisch)
        • → Lower Sorbian: stoł
      • Plautdietsch: Stool
      • → Estonian: tool
      • → Votic: stooli
  • Old Dutch: stuol
    • Middle Dutch: stoel
      • Dutch: stoel
        • Afrikaans: stoel
          • → Nǀuu: stulsi
          • → Southern Ndebele: ísítúlo
            • → Shona: chitúru, chitúro
          • → Sotho: setulo
          • → Swazi: sítúlo
          • → Tsonga: xitulu
          • → Xhosa: ísítúlo
          • → Zulu: ísítúlo
        • Jersey Dutch: stûl
        • Negerhollands: stoel, stul, stuel
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: stool
        • → Aukan: sutuu
        • → Fanagalo: stul (possibly via Zulu or from English)
        • → Papiamentu: stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji
        • → Sranan Tongo: sturu
      • Limburgish: stool
  • Old High German: stuol
    • Middle High German: stuol
      • German: Stuhl
      • Hunsrik: Stuhl
      • Luxembourgish: Stull
      • Vilamovian: śtül
      • Yiddish: שטול (shtul)
• Old Norse: stóll
  • Icelandic: stóll
  • Faroese: stólur
  • Norn: stol, stul, støl
  • Norwegian Bokmål: stol
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: stol
  • Old Swedish: stōl
    • Swedish: stol
    • → Finnish: tuoli
    • → Ingrian: stooli
  • Danish: stol
  • Gutnish: stol, stul
• Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐍃 (stōls)
• Crimean Gothic: stul
• → Old East Slavic: стулъ (stulŭ) (via Old Norse or Middle Low German)
  • Russian: стул (stul), стулъ (stul) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
    • → Azerbaijani: stul
    • → Even: стул (stul)
    • → Kildin Sami: стӯла (stūla)
    • → Uzbek: stul