Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ivo

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Resulted from the fossilization of proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the Caland system's suffixes, attached to yé-denominative (e.g. in the case of *bělivo (“bleach”) ← *běliti ← *bělъ) or éye-causative (e.g. in the case of *gorivo (“fuel”) ← *gorěti) verbs.

The original suffix survives in adjectives like *lěvъ (“left”) (ultimately from the same proto-root as *lajati (“to ambush, to lurk”)) and nouns like *glěvъ (“slime”) or *griva (“mane”).

Suffix

*-ivo n

1. Forms instrumental and resultant terms from verb stems:

   *melivo ← *melti

   *prędivo ← *pręsti

   *mazivo ← *mazati?

   *lazivo ← *laziti

   *sętivo ← *sętiti

   *sěčivo ← *sěťi

Declension

Declension of *-ivo (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ivo	*-ivě	*-iva
genitive	*-iva	*-ivu	*-ivъ
dative	*-ivu	*-ivoma	*-ivomъ
accusative	*-ivo	*-ivě	*-iva
instrumental	*-ivъmь, *-ivomь*	*-ivoma	*-ivy
locative	*-ivě	*-ivu	*-ivěxъ
vocative	*-ivo	*-ivě	*-iva

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ivo

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: -иво (-ivo)
    • Belarusian: -іва (-iva). -ыва (-yva)
    • Russian: -иво/-ево n (-ivo/-jevo)3, -ива f (-iva)
    • Ukrainian: -иво/-ево (-yvo/-evo)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: -иво/-и́во (-ivo/-ívo)
  • Macedonian: -иво (-ivo)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: -ӣво/-и̑во/-иво

    Latin script: -īvo/-ȋvo/-ivo

  • Slovene: -ivo/-ȋvo n, -iva f
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: -ivo n, -iva f
    • Czech: -ivo n, -iva f
  • Old Polish: -iwo
    • Polish: -iwo n, -iwa f
  • Slovak: -ivo