Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hárdʰas

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érdʰ-o-s, from *h₁erdʰe (“separately, apart”) +‎ *-os, from *h₁er- (“separately”) +‎ *dʰe (locative particle). Cognate with Lithuanian ardýti (“to pull down, destroy”) and erdvas (“wide, spacious”),^[1]^[2] as well as perhaps Proto-Slavic *orz- (“dis-, un-”).^[3]

Noun

*Hárdʰas m^[1]

division, half

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hárdʰas	*Hárdʰā	*Hárdʰā, -ās(as)
vocative	*Hárdʰa	*Hárdʰā	*Hárdʰā, -ās(as)
accusative	*Hárdʰam	*Hárdʰā	*Hárdʰāns
instrumental	*Hárdʰā	*HárdʰaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*Hárdʰāyš
ablative	*Hárdʰāt	*HárdʰaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*Hárdʰaybʰyas
dative	*Hárdʰāy	*HárdʰaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*Hárdʰaybʰyas
genitive	*Hárdʰasya	*Hárdʰayās	*Hárdʰāna(H)m
locative	*Hárdʰay	*Hárdʰayaw	*Hárdʰayšu

Related terms

*Hardʰás (“half”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hardʰás
  - Sanskrit: अर्ध (ardhá)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hardáh
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀𐬵 (ar^əδah)
*Hárdʰakš ~ *Hr̥dʰakás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥dʰak
  - Sanskrit: ऋधक् (ṛ́dhak, “separately”, adv.)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hárdaxš (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárdʰas
- Sanskrit: अर्ध (árdha) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *Hárdah (see there for further descendants)
→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *ertä^[4]
- Proto-Samic: *earttē (see there for further descendants)
- Udmurt: урд (urd)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “árdha”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 119
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*orz”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377: “pref. ‘dis-, un-’”
^ Sammallahti, Pekka (1999) “Saamen kielen ja saamelaisten alkuperästä”, in Fogelberg, Paul, editor, Pohjan poluilla: Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan, Helsinki, →ISBN, pages 70–90

[Lubotsky-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “árdha”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 119

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*orz”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377: “pref. ‘dis-, un-’”

[4] Sammallahti, Pekka (1999) “Saamen kielen ja saamelaisten alkuperästä”, in Fogelberg, Paul, editor, Pohjan poluilla: Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan, Helsinki, →ISBN, pages 70–90

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