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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kap-

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology 1

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    Possibly a non-Indo-European loanword.[1] Perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”)[2] as so-called "chiming roots".[3]

    Root

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    *kap-[4][5][3]

    2. to seize, to grab
    3. (stative) to hold

    Alternative reconstructions

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    Derived terms
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    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap- (seize) (16 c, 0 e)
    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *keh₂p- (29 c, 0 e)
    • *kap-yé-ti (“to be grasping”, ye-present)
    • *kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)[9]
      • Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *káp-eh₂[10]
    • *kap-el-ó-s
      • Proto-Italic: *kapelos (“one who takes”)[11]
        • ⇒? Latin: dis-cipulus (“disciple, pupil; cadet”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *kap-nó-s[3] or *kap-ón-o/eh₂- (“harbour”)[12]
      • Proto-Celtic: *kawnos m[3]
        • Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *hab(a)nō f[12] (see there for further descendants)
    • *káp-no-s
    • *kap-ó-m
      • Proto-Germanic: *habą (“sea”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *kap-tós (“seized, held”)
    • *káp-u-ko-s[13]
    • >? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os
    • >? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és
    Unsorted formations
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    • >? Albanian: kam (“to have”) (< Proto-Albanian *kapmi)[16] (derivation from *kap- contradicted by LIV[6])
    • >? Proto-Iranian: *čap- (“to seize, attack, stick, strike”)

    References

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    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “capiō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 89-90: “PIE *kh₂p-i- / non-IE *kap-i- 'to seize'”
    2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 195
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45
    4. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529
    5. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 344
    7. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79
    8. ^ Pronk, Tijmen (2019) “Proto-Indo-European *a”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 7, page 149 of 122-163
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91
    10. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
    11. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “discipulus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*habanō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197: “*kh₂p-óno/eh₂-”
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Schrijver, Peter (1997) “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎[2], Amsterdam/Atlanta, page 293-297 of 293–316
    14. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κήπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 688: “IE? *keh₂p- 'enclosure', EUR?”
    15. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κώπη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 815-816: “*koh₂p-h₂-”
    16. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “kam”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 167

    Etymology 2

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      Uncertain; may be the same as the verbal root in *kap- (Etymology 1) above, particularly if it developed figuratively from the sense “cup, bowl” as retained in Proto-Celtic *kaɸukos and perhaps Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la).[1] Otherwise, sound-symbolic or borrowed from a substrate, as evidenced by the a-grade.[2][3]

      Root

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      *kap-

      2. head
        Synonyms: *gʰébʰōl, *ḱérh₂sō
      3. ? bowl, cup
      Alternative reconstructions
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      Derived terms
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      Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap- (head) (10 c, 0 e)
      • *káp-s ~ *k(a)p-és (root noun)[2]
        • Proto-Italic: *kaps?
      • *káp-ōl ~ *k(a)p-l-és? (derived like *gʰébʰōl ?)
        • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
      • *káp-ut ~ *k(a)p-wét-s (“head”)
      • *kap-u-lon-?[6][7]
        • Proto-Germanic: *habulô
          • Proto-West Germanic: *habulō (see there for further descendants)
      Notes
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      1. ^ Or from *-capts, with analogical loss of the vowel from -caput-s (de Vaan : 91). See also Proto-Italic *-kaputis.

      References

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      1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91
      2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (1996) “Ancient European Loanwords”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 109, § 2. Lat. caput etc., page 218-20 of 215–236
      3. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1997) “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎[3], Amsterdam/Atlanta, page 293-297 of 293–316
      4. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ha(u)beda- ~ *ha(u)buda-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215
      5. ^ Pronk, Tijmen (2019) "Proto-Indo-European *a", in Indo-European Linguistics 7.1, page 149 of 122-163.
      6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caput”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 91: “The Celtic form *kapuko- and OE hafola may continue an earlier form *kap-u-, a u-extension to a substratum root *kap-.”
      7. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1997) “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎[5], Amsterdam/Atlanta, page 295 of 293–316: "< *kapu-l-ōn"
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