Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kewH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)kewH-

to cover, conceal, hide
hide, skin

Extensions

*(s)kéwH-dʰh₁eti
- ⇒? *(s)kewdʰ- (with laryngeal deletion?)
  - Proto-Celtic: *koudeti
    - Proto-Brythonic: *kʉðɨd (“to hide”)
      - Middle Breton: cuzaff
        Breton: kuzhat
      - Cornish: cuthe
      - Welsh: cuddio
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kéutʰō
    - Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide, conceal”)
  - ⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-tis
    - Proto-Hellenic:
      - >? Ancient Greek: κύστις (kústis, “bladder”) (cf. *(s)kewH-tis; alternatively from *ḱewh₁-)
  - ⇒ *(s)kéwdʰ-ye-ti
    - Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną^[1] (see there for further descendants)
      - Proto-West Germanic: *hūdijan
        ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hudijā, *hudjā (“hut, shelter”)
        >? Old High German: hutta (“hut, cottage”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kewH- (20 c, 0 e)

*(s)ku-né-H-ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skunáHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skunáHti
    - Sanskrit: स्कुनाति (skunā́ti, “to cover”)
*(s)kewH-lo-
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kūlos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kil
    - Breton: kil (“nape, back”)
    - Welsh: cil (“corner, nook; nape, back”)
    - Cornish: kil (“recess, nook; nape, back”)
  - Old Irish: cúl (“posterior”)
    - Irish: cúl
    - Manx: cooyl
    - Scottish Gaelic: cùl
- Proto-Germanic: *skeulą (“shelter, hiding place”)^[2] (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiulijaną (“to shelter, hide”)^[3] (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *kūlos^[4]
  - Latin: cūlus (“posterior”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: σκύλος (skúlos, “skin, hide”)^[5]
*(s)kewH-ṓ
- Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“cloud cover, haze, sky”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiwją (“cloud, sky”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kéwH-tis ~ *(s)kuH-téys (“skin, hide; sac”)
- Proto-Celtic: *kutis
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kud
    - Welsh: cwd (“pouch, bag, sac, purse; scrotum”)
- Proto-Germanic: *hūdiz (“hide, skin”)^[7] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kutis^[8]
  - Latin: cutis (“skin, hide, leather”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *kwāc^[9]^[10]
  - Tocharian A: kāc (“skin”)
- ⇒ *(s)kuH-ty-eh₂ or *(s)kuH-ty-ō^[9]
  - >? Proto-Tocharian: *kātsān (“belly, stomach, abdomen; womb”)^[10]
    - Tocharian A: kāts
    - Tocharian B: kātso
*(s)kowH-éh₂^[11]
- Proto-Germanic: *hawō
  - Old Norse: há f (“hide”)
*skówdʰ-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *skaudō (“sheath, husk”)^[12]
*(s)kówH-l̥ ~ *(s)kówH-ōl
- ⇒ *(s)kowH-ol-ō
  - Proto-Germanic: *skawalô^[13]
    - >? Old Norse: skáli (“small building, shed, barn; room; drinking hall”)
      - → Middle English: scale
        English: scale (dialectal)
      - Faroese: skáli
      - Icelandic: skáli (“hut, shed; barn, lodge; hall, dining hall”)
      - Norwegian Bokmål: skåle (“hut”)
      - Swedish: skål, skåla (“hut”) (dialectal)
*(s)kuH-r-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shelter”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kuH-s-ó-m
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kúH-t-ō
- >? Proto-Germanic: *huþô (“testicle”)^[14] (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kuH-tó-m
- Latin: scūtum (“shield, defense”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ku(H)-tó-s
- Ancient Greek: σκῦτος (skûtos, “skin, hide”)
- Ancient Greek: κύτος (kútos, “hollow vessel”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”))
Unsorted formations:
- >? Old Armenian: սուզանեմ (suzanem)
  - Armenian: սուզել (suzel)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjáuˀtas (“shell, skin”)
  - Lithuanian: kiáutas
  - Old Prussian: keuta
- Lithuanian: kutỹs (“purse”)
- Lithuanian: kẽvalas (“skin, cover”)
- >? Old English: sċunian (“to shun, avoid; to detest”), sċeonian, sċynian, sċyniġan
  - Middle English: shonen
    - English: shun
    - Scots: shun
- Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“outer covering, shell, husk; leggings”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Sanskrit: कुहू (kuhū, “new moon”)
- ⇒? Sanskrit: कुहरम् (kuharam, “cave, cavity, hole”)
- >? Proto-Italic: *kustots
  - Latin: custōs (“guard, keeper, jailer”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeulan ~ *skūlan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeuljanan ~ *skūljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūlus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκύλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1363
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skiwōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hūdi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251–252
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cutis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Hilmarsson, Jörundur (1985) “Toch. A kāc, Lat. cutis, OIcel. húð < I.E. *kuHtís ‘skin’”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 98, pages 162–163
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kātso”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 165–166
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hawō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skauđō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 336
^ de Vries, Jan (1977) “skáli”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary]‎^[8] (in German), 2nd revised edition, Leiden: Brill, page 481
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196: “WGmc *xuþan ‘testicle’”

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeulan ~ *skūlan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeuljanan ~ *skūljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūlus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκύλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1363

[6] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skiwōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341

[7] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hūdi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251–252

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cutis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160

[Hilmarsson-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Hilmarsson, Jörundur (1985) “Toch. A kāc, Lat. cutis, OIcel. húð < I.E. *kuHtís ‘skin’”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 98, pages 162–163

[Adams-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kātso”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 165–166

[11] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hawō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[12] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skauđō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 336

[13] Vries, Jan (1977) “skáli”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary]‎^[8] (in German), 2nd revised edition, Leiden: Brill, page 481

[14] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196: “WGmc *xuþan ‘testicle’”

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