Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swinkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin; possibly related to Old Irish seng (“slender, slim”), though the semantic connection is weak.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswiŋ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swinkaną

1. to toil, labor

Inflection

Conjugation of *swinkaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swinkō	*swinkaų	—	*swinkai	?
2nd singular	*swinkizi	*swinkaiz	*swink	*swinkazai	*swinkaizau
3rd singular	*swinkidi	*swinkai	*swinkadau	*swinkadai	*swinkaidau
1st dual	*swinkōz	*swinkaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swinkadiz	*swinkaidiz	*swinkadiz	—	—
1st plural	*swinkamaz	*swinkaim	—	*swinkandai	*swinkaindau
2nd plural	*swinkid	*swinkaid	*swinkid	*swinkandai	*swinkaindau
3rd plural	*swinkandi	*swinkain	*swinkandau	*swinkandai	*swinkaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swank	*sunkį̄
2nd singular	*swanht	*sunkīz
3rd singular	*swank	*sunkī
1st dual	*sunkū	*sunkīw
2nd dual	*sunkudiz	*sunkīdiz
1st plural	*sunkum	*sunkīm
2nd plural	*sunkud	*sunkīd
3rd plural	*sunkun	*sunkīn
	present	past
participles	*swinkandz	*sunkanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swinkan
  • Old English: swincan (“to toil, labor”) (or borrowed from Old Norse)
    • Middle English: swinken
      • English: swink
• Old Norse: svinka (“to labor”)