Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leuganą

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leugāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ- (“to tell publicly”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*leuganą

1. to lie, to tell a falsehood

Inflection

Conjugation of *leuganą (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*leugō	*leugaų	—	*leugai	?
2nd singular	*liugizi	*leugaiz	*leug	*leugazai	*leugaizau
3rd singular	*liugidi	*leugai	*leugadau	*leugadai	*leugaidau
1st dual	*leugōz	*leugaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*leugadiz	*leugaidiz	*leugadiz	—	—
1st plural	*leugamaz	*leugaim	—	*leugandai	*leugaindau
2nd plural	*liugid	*leugaid	*liugid	*leugandai	*leugaindau
3rd plural	*leugandi	*leugain	*leugandau	*leugandai	*leugaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*laug	*lugį̄
2nd singular	*lauht	*lugīz
3rd singular	*laug	*lugī
1st dual	*lugū	*lugīw
2nd dual	*lugudiz	*lugīdiz
1st plural	*lugum	*lugīm
2nd plural	*lugud	*lugīd
3rd plural	*lugun	*lugīn
	present	past
participles	*leugandz	*luganaz

Derived terms

• *lugiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *leugan
  • Old English: lēogan
    • Middle English: lien
      • English: lie
      • Scots: lee
  • Old Frisian: liāga
    • Saterland Frisian: ljooge
    • West Frisian: lige
  • Old Saxon: liogan
    • Middle Low German: lēgen, leigen
      • Low German: legen, lögen
  • Old Dutch: liegan
    • Middle Dutch: liegen
      • Dutch: liegen
      • Limburgish: lege
  • Old High German: liogan
    • Middle High German: liegen, liugen
      • German: lügen
      • Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje
        • Luxembourgish: léien
      • Bavarian: liagn, liang
      • Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)
• Old Norse: ljúga
  • Icelandic: ljúga
  • Faroese: lúgva, ljúgva
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuga, lyga
  • Norwegian Bokmål: ljuge, lyge, juge
  • Elfdalian: liuoga
  • Old Swedish: liūgha
    • Swedish: ljuga
  • Old Danish: liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ
    • Danish: lyve
      • Norwegian Bokmål: lyve
    • Scanian: ljuğa
  • Gutnish: ljauge
• Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan)