Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lūkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*leukaną

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈluː.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to turn, bend”).^[1]

Verb

*lūkaną^[1]^[2]

to close, to shut

Inflection

Conjugation of *lūkaną (strong class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*lūkō	*lūkaų	—	*lūkai	?
2nd singular	*lūkizi	*lūkaiz	*lūk	*lūkazai	*lūkaizau
3rd singular	*lūkidi	*lūkai	*lūkadau	*lūkadai	*lūkaidau
1st dual	*lūkōz	*lūkaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*lūkadiz	*lūkaidiz	*lūkadiz	—	—
1st plural	*lūkamaz	*lūkaim	—	*lūkandai	*lūkaindau
2nd plural	*lūkid	*lūkaid	*lūkid	*lūkandai	*lūkaindau
3rd plural	*lūkandi	*lūkain	*lūkandau	*lūkandai	*lūkaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*lauk	*lukį̄
2nd singular	*lauht	*lukīz
3rd singular	*lauk	*lukī
1st dual	*lukū	*lukīw
2nd dual	*lukudiz	*lukīdiz
1st plural	*lukum	*lukīm
2nd plural	*lukud	*lukīd
3rd plural	*lukun	*lukīn

	present	past
participles	*lūkandz	*lukanaz

Related terms

*luką

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *lūkan, *leukan
- Old English: lūcan
  - Middle English: luken, louken
    - English: lock (merged with descendant of Middle English loken, lokken)
    - Scots: louk, lowk
- Old Frisian: lūka
  - ⇒ Saterland Frisian: touluuke, touluke
  - West Frisian: lûke
- Old Saxon: lūkan
  - ⇒ Middle Low German: belûken
  - ⇒ Middle Low German: entlûken
- Old Dutch: *lūcan
  - Middle Dutch: luken
    - Dutch: luiken
- Old High German: *lūhhan, *liohhan
  - Middle High German: lūchen, liechen
    - German: lauchen, liechen
  - ⇒ Old High German: innebilūhhan
  - ⇒ Old High German: untarlūhhan
  - ⇒ Old High German: ūzbilūhhan
Old Norse: lúka, ljúka
- Icelandic: lúka, ljúka
- Faroese: lúka
- Norwegian Bokmål: lukke
- Norwegian Nynorsk: lukka
- Old Swedish: lūka
  - Swedish: lucka
Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*lukan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (galukan) and 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (uslukan))

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

*lūkaną^[3]

Alternative form of *leukaną

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*leukan- ~ *lūkan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lūkanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lūkanan ~ *leukanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*leukan- ~ *lūkan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lūkanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*lūkanan ~ *leukanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252

[1]

[2]

[3]