Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/karjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Mayrhofer appears to derive the root from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵewH- (“to force, drive”); see Sanskrit जू (jū, “to press forward”) for more.^[1]

Other theories connect the verb to Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to scrape”) or Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to turn, bend”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what are some potential cognates in these latter cases?”)

Alternative reconstructions

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*karjaną

to scratch, scrape
to sweep

Conjugation

Conjugation of *karjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*karjō	*karjaų	—	*karjai	?
2nd singular	*karisi	*karjais	*kari	*karjasai	*karjaisau
3rd singular	*kariþi	*karjai	*karjaþau	*karjaþai	*karjaiþau
1st dual	*karjōs	*karjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*karjaþiz	*karjaiþiz	*karjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*karjamaz	*karjaim	—	*karjanþai	*karjainþau
2nd plural	*kariþ	*karjaiþ	*kariþ	*karjanþai	*karjainþau
3rd plural	*karjanþi	*karjain	*karjanþau	*karjanþai	*karjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*karidǭ	*karidēdį̄
2nd singular	*karidēz	*karidēdīz
3rd singular	*karidē	*karidēdī
1st dual	*karidēdū	*karidēdīw
2nd dual	*karidēdudiz	*karidēdīdiz
1st plural	*karidēdum	*karidēdīm
2nd plural	*karidēdud	*karidēdīd
3rd plural	*karidēdun	*karidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*karjandz	*karidaz

Related terms

*karō (“scrapings, shavings, litter, debris”)
*karstaz

Descendants

Old Saxon: kerian, keren
- Middle Low German: kēren
  - Low German: keren, ankeren
Old Dutch: *keren, *kerren
- Middle Dutch: kēren
  - Dutch: keren
  - Limburgish: kaere
Old High German: kerien, kerren, cherjen, cherren
- Middle High German: keren, kern
  - Cimbrian: khéeran
  - German: kehren

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “JAVᴵ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 580-1

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “JAVᴵ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 580-1

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