Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaizwijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain, as the variations between *kaiz- and *kar- cannot be explained as being inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Pokorny compares Old Armenian կքեմ (kkʻem, “to bow, bend”) and Russian жи́хать (žíxatʹ, “to bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to bend, turn”), but this is purely speculative.

Alternative reconstructions

• *kazjaną
• *kaizijaną
• *kaurijaną

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑi̯.zwi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kaizwijaną

1. to turn
2. to direct

Inflection

Conjugation of *kaizwijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kaizwijō	*kaizwijaų	—	*kaizwijai	?
2nd singular	*kaizwīsi	*kaizwijais	*kaizwī	*kaizwijasai	*kaizwijaisau
3rd singular	*kaizwīþi	*kaizwijai	*kaizwijaþau	*kaizwijaþai	*kaizwijaiþau
1st dual	*kaizwijōs	*kaizwijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kaizwijaþiz	*kaizwijaiþiz	*kaizwijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kaizwijamaz	*kaizwijaim	—	*kaizwijanþai	*kaizwijainþau
2nd plural	*kaizwīþ	*kaizwijaiþ	*kaizwīþ	*kaizwijanþai	*kaizwijainþau
3rd plural	*kaizwijanþi	*kaizwijain	*kaizwijanþau	*kaizwijanþai	*kaizwijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kaizwidǭ	*kaizwidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kaizwidēz	*kaizwidēdīz
3rd singular	*kaizwidē	*kaizwidēdī
1st dual	*kaizwidēdū	*kaizwidēdīw
2nd dual	*kaizwidēdudiz	*kaizwidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kaizwidēdum	*kaizwidēdīm
2nd plural	*kaizwidēdud	*kaizwidēdīd
3rd plural	*kaizwidēdun	*kaizwidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*kaizwijandz	*kaizwidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kaiʀwijan
  • Old English: cierran (< Proto-West Germanic *kaʀʀjan < Proto-Germanic *kazjaną)
    • Middle English: cherren, charren, charen
      • English: char, chare
      • Scots: char, chare
  • Old Saxon: kērian
    • Middle Low German: kēren
      • Low German: keren
  • Old Dutch: *kēren
    • Middle Dutch: kêren
      • Dutch: keren
  • Old High German: keren
    • Middle High German: keren
      • German: kehren
• Old Norse: keyra
  • Icelandic: keyra
  • Faroese: koyra
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: kjøre
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: køyre
  • Old Swedish: kø̄ra
    • Swedish: köra
  • Old Danish: kø̄ræ
    • Danish: køre
  • Elfdalian: tjyöra
  • Gutnish: kåire
  • Scanian: køra
  • → Middle English: cairen, kayren
    • English: cair