Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalbijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hwalbaz (“curved, vaulted”) +‎ *-janą or a causative verb from *hwelbaną (“to curve, vault”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxʷɑl.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwalbijaną^[1]^[2]

to cause to turn over
to vault

Inflection

Conjugation of *hwalbijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hwalbijō	*hwalbijaų	—	*hwalbijai	?
2nd singular	*hwalbīsi	*hwalbijais	*hwalbī	*hwalbijasai	*hwalbijaisau
3rd singular	*hwalbīþi	*hwalbijai	*hwalbijaþau	*hwalbijaþai	*hwalbijaiþau
1st dual	*hwalbijōs	*hwalbijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hwalbijaþiz	*hwalbijaiþiz	*hwalbijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hwalbijamaz	*hwalbijaim	—	*hwalbijanþai	*hwalbijainþau
2nd plural	*hwalbīþ	*hwalbijaiþ	*hwalbīþ	*hwalbijanþai	*hwalbijainþau
3rd plural	*hwalbijanþi	*hwalbijain	*hwalbijanþau	*hwalbijanþai	*hwalbijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwalbidǭ	*hwalbidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hwalbidēz	*hwalbidēdīz
3rd singular	*hwalbidē	*hwalbidēdī
1st dual	*hwalbidēdū	*hwalbidēdīw
2nd dual	*hwalbidēdudiz	*hwalbidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hwalbidēdum	*hwalbidēdīm
2nd plural	*hwalbidēdud	*hwalbidēdīd
3rd plural	*hwalbidēdun	*hwalbidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hwalbijandz	*hwalbidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hwalbijan
- Old English: *hwielfan, *hwylfan
  - ⇒ Old English: behwielfan, behwylfan
- Old Saxon: *hwelbian
  - ⇒ Old Saxon: bihwelvian
- Old Dutch: *welven
  - Middle Dutch: welven
    - Dutch: welven
- Old High German: *welben
  - Middle High German: welben
    - German: wölben
Old Norse: hvelfa
- Icelandic: hvelfa, hvolfa, hvölfa
- Faroese: hvølfa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelva; (dialectal) kvolva
- Old Swedish: hvælva
  - Swedish: välva, (pre-1906 spelling) hvälfva

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hwalbjan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 262
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwalbjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198

[Kroonen-1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hwalbjan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 262

[Orel-2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwalbjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198

[1]

[2]