Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwelbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *hwelfaną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to bend”), with -b- instead of -f- due to influence from either the adjective or causative.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxʷel.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwelbaną

1. to curve, vault

Inflection

Conjugation of *hwelbaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwelbō	*hwelbaų	—	*hwelbai	?
2nd singular	*hwilbizi	*hwelbaiz	*hwelb	*hwelbazai	*hwelbaizau
3rd singular	*hwilbidi	*hwelbai	*hwelbadau	*hwelbadai	*hwelbaidau
1st dual	*hwelbōz	*hwelbaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hwelbadiz	*hwelbaidiz	*hwelbadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hwelbamaz	*hwelbaim	—	*hwelbandai	*hwelbaindau
2nd plural	*hwilbid	*hwelbaid	*hwilbid	*hwelbandai	*hwelbaindau
3rd plural	*hwelbandi	*hwelbain	*hwelbandau	*hwelbandai	*hwelbaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwalb	*hulbį̄
2nd singular	*hwalft	*hulbīz
3rd singular	*hwalb	*hulbī
1st dual	*hulbū	*hulbīw
2nd dual	*hulbudiz	*hulbīdiz
1st plural	*hulbum	*hulbīm
2nd plural	*hulbud	*hulbīd
3rd plural	*hulbun	*hulbīn
	present	past
participles	*hwelbandz	*hulbanaz

Derived terms

• *hwalbaz
• *hwalbijaną
• *hwalbô
• *hwalfą

Descendants

Due to the effects of umlaut, present-tense descendants of this verb are often indistinguishable from those of the weak causative *hwalbijaną. This is probably what led to the strong verb's disappearance as well.

• Old Dutch: *welvan
  • Middle Dutch: welven
    • Dutch: welven
      • Afrikaans: welf, welwe
• Old High German: *welban
  • Middle High German: *welben (only the past singular walb is attested)
    • German: wölben
• Old Norse: *hvelfa (only the past participle holfinn is attested)
  • Norwegian: kvelva