Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōzijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

A causative formation, analyzable as *hrōzaz (“active, stirring, moving”) +‎ *-janą. Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kroHs-éye-ti: according to Kroonen, a direct cognate of Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”), and according to Orel, of Proto-Slavic *krasiti (“to ornate”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxrɔː.zi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrōzijaną

1. to stir

Inflection

Conjugation of *hrōzijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrōzijō	*hrōzijaų	—	*hrōzijai	?
2nd singular	*hrōzīsi	*hrōzijais	*hrōzī	*hrōzijasai	*hrōzijaisau
3rd singular	*hrōzīþi	*hrōzijai	*hrōzijaþau	*hrōzijaþai	*hrōzijaiþau
1st dual	*hrōzijōs	*hrōzijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrōzijaþiz	*hrōzijaiþiz	*hrōzijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrōzijamaz	*hrōzijaim	—	*hrōzijanþai	*hrōzijainþau
2nd plural	*hrōzīþ	*hrōzijaiþ	*hrōzīþ	*hrōzijanþai	*hrōzijainþau
3rd plural	*hrōzijanþi	*hrōzijain	*hrōzijanþau	*hrōzijanþai	*hrōzijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrōzidǭ	*hrōzidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hrōzidēz	*hrōzidēdīz
3rd singular	*hrōzidē	*hrōzidēdī
1st dual	*hrōzidēdū	*hrōzidēdīw
2nd dual	*hrōzidēdudiz	*hrōzidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hrōzidēdum	*hrōzidēdīm
2nd plural	*hrōzidēdud	*hrōzidēdīd
3rd plural	*hrōzidēdun	*hrōzidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hrōzijandz	*hrōzidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hrōʀijan
  • Old English: hrēran
    • Middle English: rēren; (rōrien)
      • English: rear (“to move; stir”)
    • ⇒ Old English: hrēre (adj), hrēr
      • Middle English: rere
        • English: rear (dialectal), rare
  • Old Frisian: hrēra
    • Saterland Frisian: ríere
    • West Frisian: riere, reare
  • Old Saxon: hrōrian
    • Middle Low German: rôren
      • German Low German: röhren
  • Old Dutch: *ruoren (in irruoran)
    • Middle Dutch: roeren
      • Dutch: roeren
        • Afrikaans: roer
  • Old High German: hruorjan, ruoren
    • Middle High German: ruoren, rüeren
      • Bavarian: riarn
      • German: rühren
        • → Saterland Frisian: rüürje
      • Yiddish: רירן (rirn)
• Old Norse: hrǿra, hrœra
  • Icelandic: hræra
  • Faroese: røra
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: røra
  • Old Swedish: rø̄ra
    • Swedish: röra
  • Old Danish: røræ
    • Danish: røre