Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwaljaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *dwalaz (“confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad”) +‎ *-janą (“factitive suffix”), additionally conflated with *dwelaną (“to err”) +‎ *-janą (“causative suffix”), both ultimately from the same origin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdwɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*dwaljaną

1. to be confused, perplex
2. to hold up, delay

Inflection

Conjugation of *dwaljaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dwaljō	*dwaljaų	—	*dwaljai	?
2nd singular	*dwalisi	*dwaljais	*dwali	*dwaljasai	*dwaljaisau
3rd singular	*dwaliþi	*dwaljai	*dwaljaþau	*dwaljaþai	*dwaljaiþau
1st dual	*dwaljōs	*dwaljaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*dwaljaþiz	*dwaljaiþiz	*dwaljaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*dwaljamaz	*dwaljaim	—	*dwaljanþai	*dwaljainþau
2nd plural	*dwaliþ	*dwaljaiþ	*dwaliþ	*dwaljanþai	*dwaljainþau
3rd plural	*dwaljanþi	*dwaljain	*dwaljanþau	*dwaljanþai	*dwaljainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dwalidǭ	*dwalidēdį̄
2nd singular	*dwalidēz	*dwalidēdīz
3rd singular	*dwalidē	*dwalidēdī
1st dual	*dwalidēdū	*dwalidēdīw
2nd dual	*dwalidēdudiz	*dwalidēdīdiz
1st plural	*dwalidēdum	*dwalidēdīm
2nd plural	*dwalidēdud	*dwalidēdīd
3rd plural	*dwalidēdun	*dwalidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*dwaljandz	*dwalidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *dwalljan
  • Old English: dwellan
    • Middle English: dwellen, duell, duelle, dwel, dwell, dwelle, dwellyn, dweylle
      • English: dwell
      • Scots: dwall
  • Old Saxon: *dwellian
  • Old Dutch: *dwellen
    • Middle Dutch: dwellen
      • Limburgish: dwelle
  • Old High German: twellen
    • Middle High German: twellen
• Old Norse: dvelja
  • Icelandic: dvelja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: dvelja
  • Danish: dvæle
  • Swedish: dväljas