Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/baitijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *bītaną (“to bite”) +‎ *-janą. The meaning to restrain most likely developed from making horses bite down on a piece of metal connected to the reins that were used to direct the animal.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɑi̯.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*baitijaną

1. to make bite
2. to make graze
3. to restrain, to rein in, to bridle

Inflection

Conjugation of *baitijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*baitijō	*baitijaų	—	*baitijai	?
2nd singular	*baitīsi	*baitijais	*baitī	*baitijasai	*baitijaisau
3rd singular	*baitīþi	*baitijai	*baitijaþau	*baitijaþai	*baitijaiþau
1st dual	*baitijōs	*baitijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*baitijaþiz	*baitijaiþiz	*baitijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*baitijamaz	*baitijaim	—	*baitijanþai	*baitijainþau
2nd plural	*baitīþ	*baitijaiþ	*baitīþ	*baitijanþai	*baitijainþau
3rd plural	*baitijanþi	*baitijain	*baitijanþau	*baitijanþai	*baitijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*baitidǭ	*baitidēdį̄
2nd singular	*baitidēz	*baitidēdīz
3rd singular	*baitidē	*baitidēdī
1st dual	*baitidēdū	*baitidēdīw
2nd dual	*baitidēdudiz	*baitidēdīdiz
1st plural	*baitidēdum	*baitidēdīm
2nd plural	*baitidēdud	*baitidēdīd
3rd plural	*baitidēdun	*baitidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*baitijandz	*baitidaz

Derived terms

• *baitilaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *baitijan
  • Old English: bǣtan
    • Middle English: bayten, bayte, baite, beyton, baiten, beiten, beȝȝtenn
      • English: bait
      • Scots: bait
  • Old Dutch: *bēten
    • Middle Dutch: bêten
      • Dutch: beten (obsolete)
  • Old Saxon: *bētian
    • ⇒ Old Saxon: undbētian
    • Middle Low German: bêten
  • Old High German: beizen
    • Middle High German: beizen
  • →? Old French: beter
• Old Norse: beita
  • Icelandic: beita
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: beita, beite
    • Norwegian Bokmål: beite
  • Danish: bede